Live Indonesian for the capable from Lera Mulina

This is not a textbook that will provide you with systematic knowledge of the Indonesian language. It is a collection of lessons that can be read sequentially or selectively, depending on the topics that are important to you.

It is designed for those who want to deepen their knowledge of specific vocabulary or grammar topics. In each lesson, I have tried to provide a maximum amount of vocabulary related to the stated theme. Therefore, if you are interested in how to express yourself in certain situations and which words to use when communicating with Indonesians, the provided vocabulary should be sufficient.

I do not claim any academic, pedagogical, or scientific rigor in these lessons. They are created in a way that I would make them for my friends who have come to Bali and asked to be taught the basics of Indonesian to communicate effortlessly with people we encounter every day. These lessons are quite subjective, although my knowledge is based on five textbooks through which I learned Indonesian.

Dialogues in most situations are either real or tested in real situations while communicating with Indonesians from Bali, Java, or Sulawesi. This is 100% authentic Indonesian.

A Dozen Useful Tips and a Bit About Love (Why and How to Learn Indonesian)

I don't think I'll reinvent the wheel in this post. But I hope that the tips, gathered with a focus on learning the Indonesian language, will help you mobilize. Perhaps they will encourage you to take the first step in learning the language, or maybe a more determined one if you've already started.

Addressing People

Which words to use when addressing someone in Indonesia? I deliberately omit typical Balinese forms of address used only in Bali. The list includes words used throughout Indonesia.

Selamat!

There is one wonderful word in the Indonesian language. And if you learn its combinations with other words, you can express greetings or congratulate someone perfectly and succinctly. Today, the spotlight is on the word "selamat."

Ya, ibu! Language incidents

Buying Juice

This lesson is dedicated to shopping. In this lesson, we will be buying fruit juices. It's silly to hide that sooner or later, most Russian tourists inevitably go through this experience.

Road Signs and Signboards

As we drive through the streets of Indonesia, we see various signboards. For a brief moment, the meaning catches our interest. You think you'd like to check later what it translates to. But a second passes, someone distracts you, a conversation starts, and the word or sign is forgotten. Meanwhile, information that there's a dentist a hundred meters from your home or a place to print files might come in handy.

I'm Lost! How to Find a Guesthouse?

You are on one of the islands in Indonesia, not yet particularly familiar to you. The battery is dead – the navigator on your phone won't help anymore. The power bank is left at home. It's late evening, you're tired, and you really want to find a hotel or guesthouse. Everyone you meet along the way freezes when they hear English. The paper map is at hand, but it's not particularly helpful. Nothing to be done. You'll have to use your entire arsenal of Indonesian, whatever it may be.

Buying Fruits and Vegetables at the Market

One of the wonders of Indonesia, especially Bali, is that here you can buy a variety of fruits and vegetables all year round. If you're determined to stop buying them in supermarkets and want to experience something new at the market, this lesson is for you. It's also for those who want to test their vocabulary on this topic and make sure they're armed with words.

Buying Clothes. Vocabulary and Little Secrets

This lesson is for true enthusiasts of Indonesian extremes. For those who reject the wonderful opportunity to buy clothes in stores with fixed prices and English-speaking salespeople. For those who are ready to immerse themselves in shopping at an ordinary clothing market. Here, I present a dozen secrets that can make the process of finding the best price less nerve-wracking. As usual, I don't reinvent the wheel and tip my hat to those who effortlessly haggle prices for local carpets from $5,000 to $50 at Arabic markets.

All Types of Questions About Home

What if you found what seems to be a good option for renting a house, but the owner doesn't speak English or speaks very poorly? How do you inquire about the house? How do you ask all the questions you're interested in? As usual, let's not hesitate and take Indonesian seriously. In this lesson, we'll go through all types of questions using the topic of homes and related situations as examples.

Vocabulary Related to Home and a Dialogue with the Landlord

As promised in the previous lesson, we are now studying vocabulary on the theme of "home" and reading a dialogue about Ivan, who is renting a house from a Balinese aunt.

Dining Out

In this lesson, you'll learn what "cat rice" is and what it's made of, as well as which Indonesian dish was named the most delicious in the world according to CNN.

Finally, after several hungry lessons following the one dedicated to buying juice, we return to a topic that is close to everyone's stomach. This lesson will help you navigate if you decide to go to a dining establishment in Indonesia where the staff doesn't speak English. I won't dissuade you, probably because after experiencing India, any restaurants, eateries, Padang food stalls, and warungs don't seem as intimidating anymore.

What Time Is It? At What Time?

It is quite natural that in our time, people adorned with iPhones, Apple Watches, Blackberries, and Androids don't really need to ask a passing Indonesian, "What time is it?" But the necessity of agreeing on a meeting time still exists. So today, we are exploring ways to indicate time in the Indonesian language. Unfortunately, knowing what time to schedule a meeting with your Indonesian acquaintance won't guarantee that they will actually show up on time. In Indonesian, there's even a term for this phenomenon – "jam karet" (rubber hour) – delay, procrastination, dragging, basically, stretchy rubber time. Nevertheless, it's worth a try.

Lesson 14: Villa Names

How often, living in Bali, actively moving around the island, or reading communities on social networks, do you come across villa names? Are you interested in whether you can translate all villa names containing Indonesian words? If yes, then this lesson is for you.

Lesson 15: Tenses. Dates

Good news for those who haven't fully grasped Indonesian tenses – in the Indonesian language, they don't exist. In the sense that verbs don't change based on tenses, and the time of an event is expressed using auxiliary words.

Lesson 16: Past Tense and a Visit to the Internet Provider's Service Center

For those who may have been overwhelmed by the abundance of information on the topic of tenses in the previous lesson – a lesson on the past tense. From this, you'll understand that the devil is not as scary as he seemed at first glance.

Lesson 17: Present Tense. News. Activities During the Day

Today, we will focus on learning words that indicate that an action is happening right now. Although the richness of these words often gives them the opportunity to not only indicate the present tense but also to talk about many other things. But let's take it step by step.

Lesson 18: Family and Numerous Relatives

When introducing members of your family in Indonesian, you'll undoubtedly need to know how to name their position in the family. It's one thing to say husband, wife, children. But it's a bit more challenging to name a brother-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law.

Lesson 19: Don't Get Sick!

I can't even imagine how I could have missed such an important topic.

Lesson 20: Future Tense

Continuing for quite a few lessons now, we are dealing with what doesn't exist in the Indonesian language – namely, tenses. Today is very straightforward. We are learning words that indicate that some action will happen in the future.

Lesson 21: About Life and Death in One Word

Let's move on to the ultimate question of all times and peoples, poets, writers, and philosophers – the question of life and death. If you are personally indifferent to this question and its discussion, or if you are very sensitive to this topic for any reason, it's better not to read the next lesson.

Lesson 22: Bouncing Squirrels, Shy Kittens, Land Crocodiles, and Other People

Even if we are not ardent animal lovers, whether or not we have pets, or whether we visit zoos, safaris, bird parks with our children or not – animals in Indonesia surround us everywhere. In this lesson, we will talk about the names of animals. Those that are found in Indonesia. And those that can be found in the characters of its people.

Lesson 23: Announcements and Signs

Can you translate the content of all warning or prohibition signs in Indonesian that you see around you? Or only those that are duplicated in English? And if there is some useful information on them? Even if not always, signs and their translations are an opportunity to practice Indonesian and expand your vocabulary. From this lesson, you'll learn in which store and under what conditions customers are offered to purchase products for free. You'll also be able to find translations of signs that you have probably seen repeatedly but haven't paid attention to.

Lesson 24: One and Only Lesson

Certainly, among those who want to learn Indonesian, there are many who want to master it while vacationing in Bali. Not many have the time and desire to learn it for a long time, seriously, and thoughtfully. But there is a desire to master the most commonly used words that may come in handy in everyday situations. If you are one of these people, this lesson is for you. If you grasp familiar words well, you will only need to spend a few hours on this lesson to "grasp" the basics of the Indonesian language. Perhaps, by diving so quickly into learning Indonesian, you will understand how simple it is and dedicate a bit more time later to enrich your vocabulary or explore the surprisingly simple grammar. Good luck in your studies!

I don't think I'll reinvent the wheel in this post. But I hope that the tips gathered here for learning the Indonesian language will help you mobilize. Perhaps they will prompt you to take the first or another, but more decisive step in learning the language.

I didn't study the Indonesian language at university or on courses. I don't have a diploma related to Indonesian language studies. I've never had a teacher for Indonesian.

From the first days in Bali, I decided to start speaking Indonesian. I flipped through textbooks, finding topics related to my daily needs. I installed apps with Indonesian-English dictionaries on my smartphone. I didn't hesitate to dive into the dictionary or ask Indonesians about the differences between certain words.

In four years, I could have achieved significant results if my love for Indonesian were more stable. But I have never regretted spending time learning it.

Every hour, every minute spent on learning a new field makes our brain work better. And each new learned word weaves into the network of others, allowing us to learn each subsequent language faster than the first.

Indonesian has many words borrowed from Arabic, Hindi, Dutch, Portuguese, and, of course, English. If you know any of these languages or plan to learn them later, you will find it very intriguing to discover connections with Indonesian words.

Make it a habit to use at least one new short Indonesian phrase or new word per day. Something you haven't used yet. Imagine what events will await you during the day and what you will be able to use. Take a phrase from the lessons in the textbook or create one yourself.

If you're having trouble "getting" into a situation where you can use a new word or phrase, create one yourself. Ask the person on the street what time it is, greet him, ask him where the nearest gas station or beach is.

Here's something you can feel free to use right off the bat in a conversation with any Indonesian you meet:

Selamat pagi! - Good morning!

Selamat siang! - Good afternoon!

Selamat sore! - Good afternoon! – sore daylight hours from approximately 15.00 to sunset

Selamat malam! - Good evening! – malam – all the dark time of the day

Apa kabar? – (what, news) How are you?

Mau ke mana? - (want, to, what) Where are you going? – in Indonesia this is a completely normal greeting

Sekarang jam berapa? - (now, hour, what time) What time is it?

Apakah ini jalan ke pantai? – (is, this, the, road, to, the beach) Is this the road to the beach?

Don't wait until you have accumulated enough vocabulary to start speaking the language. You can learn some simple phrases in less than a minute. In the beginning, the response of a random person on the street is not as important as your question and attempt.

I still get the Finnish phrases from the dialogues that my dad and I learned when I was ten years old. More than 20 years have passed since then, I haven’t spoken Finnish for 15 years, but the words from the dialogues are firmly imprinted in my memory.

Indonesian has many complete and incomplete homophonic words.

If you come up with phrases that create vivid or absurd images in your mind, you will remember the words faster.

Phrases like:

Wet tramp (basah - wet)

Rubber carriage (karet - rubber)

Have breakfast with a sundress (sarapan - breakfast)

Hero with baklava (pahlawan – hero)

Watchman-Yaga (jaga – guard, guard)

Cheap murah (murah – cheap)

Just a plague (cuma – just, only)

Bitch-love (suka – to love, love (closer to “to sympathize”, “to sympathize” or the English “like”)

Angry hussar (gusar - angry)

Series about the blue throne (sinetron - series)

Face in flour (muka - face)

Hey horse, where are you going? (kuda - horse)

Create memorable absurdity.

To remember “left-right” I remembered them with one word kirikanan. I simply imagined this word in front of me, read it and on the left was kiri, and on the right was kanan.

Sini - here and sana - there were also easy to remember. I said sini very quietly, imagining the person I was talking to next to me. Then I imagined someone very far away and visualized how long and loud I was trying to shout to him saaa-naaa!

Learn words with their opposites, but don't learn words with their consonants.

Muda - tua (mudatua) = young - old. At first a person is young, then he grows old. By memorizing two words in this order, you will not confuse them.

Mudah - susah (mudahsusah) = simple - complex. When learning something, a person moves from simple to complex. This order will also help not to confuse the adjectives.

Pendek – tinggi (pendektinggi) = low – high. In the process of life, a tree grows from a small sprout into a tall and powerful giant.

Sempit – lebar (sempitlebar) = narrow – wide. From a narrow source, traveling for kilometers, the river turns into a wide stream at the mouth.

Murah - mahal (murakhmahal) = cheap - expensive. You can use the previous approach, or you can use sound associations.

But never learn the words muda, mudah, murah together. Take a break of several days between them and move on to a consonant word when you have consolidated the previous one.

If you decide to drive a gullible student crazy, make him learn muda (young), mudah (simple), murah (cheap), and also merah (red), marah (angry) and madah (praise) all at once.

Place opposites in the correct order.

If you don't know a word, look it up in the dictionary. If your eye falls on some simple object in the house and you don’t know its name, look in a dictionary and find out its Indonesian translation. Start with the simplest things.

When you are going to answer someone: “Yes, I will eat,” try to mentally translate this phrase: “Ya, saya (aku) akan makan.” Or “Yes, I’m hungry” “Ya, saya (aku) mau makan.”

When you are about to ask, “What will you (eat)?”, try to mentally translate: “(Kamu) mau makan apa?”

When you are going to check whether the food is sweet, mentally translate “Apakah makanan ini manis?” (li, food, this, sweet) or “Apakah ini manis?” or “Ini manis?” or even "Manis?" remembering that in spoken language all variants have the right to be used.

Try to put new language clothes on reality. When studying existing vocabulary (relating to surrounding objects), associate cups and plates with those that surround you.

Walk around your home and translate the names of objects you don't yet know into Indonesian. Translate the names of items in your home that may break or whose names you may need suddenly and as quickly as possible.

Apar - fire extinguisher

Meteran - electric meter

Kabel - wire

Kran air - water tap

Pipa air - water pipe

Bor – drill

Obeng - screwdriver

Palu – hammer

Paku - nail

Tang - pliers

Obat - medicine

Termometer - thermometer

Penyumbat telinga – earplugs

Students engaged in immersion learning in schools that followed the Berlitz method. In the 1950s and 60s, followers of Maximilian Berlitz discovered that their students learned faster when they stopped using grammar textbooks and simply started speaking the language on the very first day of the course.

Students learned the language through intensive immersion in meaningful situations. They could "sit down for lunch," and the teacher could hand them plates and food while describing them. The idea was to first grasp key phrases and words, while mastering grammar unconsciously in the process. So, I haven't revealed anything new to you, except for the names of the counter, drill, and hammer. Dress the world in Indonesian attire.

I downloaded several dictionaries to my Android. I searched Google Play using the keyword kamusku.

Kamus – dictionary

Kamusku – my dictionary

Hati – liver. But oddly enough, in romantic poetry it is translated into foreign languages ​​as “heart”. Hatiku is my heart.

Hatimu is your heart. By the way, heart in Indonesian is jantung. But Indonesians often grab their hearts when they hear the word “hatiku.”

Cinta – romantic or passionate love between two people

Cintaku is my favorite. Cintamu is your love.

Sayang is a more tender love felt for children and family members. Sayangku is my love. Sayangmu is your love.

Kasih is a more caring love, felt for people outside the family circle and for anything in general. In principle, you can love the whole world with such love. Kasihku is my love. Kasihmu is your love.

Suka – love

It seems I got carried away with love and forgot about dictionaries. Let's return to applications.

Kamusku is a free dictionary that translates from English to Indonesian and vice versa.

There are a couple of such dictionaries:

Kamus Offline

Kamusku: Inggris

Kamus: Inggris-Indonesia

They are all good and all can be used.

There are a certain number of audio courses on the Internet that can be downloaded from torrents and used at different stages of learning Indonesian.

There is a good audio course on the website LearningIndonesian.com. The main secret is not to turn on the audio and go about your business hoping that it will somehow stick in your memory but to listen attentively to every word. It's like trying a new dish and trying to savor its taste.

Repeatedly listening to phrases and sentences in Indonesian will allow your brain to memorize constructions. Moreover, these constructions will be pronounced correctly and clearly. It is believed that in "listening mode," 70-80% of the words from the dialogues will remain in memory. During the listening process, repeat the phrases after the announcer, first looking at the text, and then without it.

The final stage of working with the audio course is to record words and expressions that seem useful to you in everyday life. If you have no energy or desire to do anything, listen to audio courses.

Fortunately, Indonesians are generally patient people. They will tolerate your mistakes with condescension and encourage your attempts to speak Bahasa. Don't expect them to correct you or laugh if you make a mistake. Instead, in response to a foreigner's mistake, a local will either politely remain silent or tactfully smile.

Stop being afraid of your mistakes. Stop being afraid that speaking with mistakes will make you look funny in the eyes of those around you. Yes, it will, by the way. You will look funny. Teach yourself to enjoy this role of a comedian playing the role of a beginner student.

If you're not actually a student at a university and not receiving grades for flawless Indonesian, you have nothing to fear. Any attempt to "get into" the language is already deserving of a passing grade.

Once you learn to speak simply and clearly about most topics and questions, move on to grammar. At first, don't scare yourself with it. Many Indonesians, in principle, do not use grammar extensively.

Once, I hired a team of Balinese workers for tiling work. My Balinese friend, who was quite proficient in English, mainly communicated with them in Balinese. One day he asked me why I felt shy to speak and limited myself to common polite phrases of greetings, thanks, and invitations to the table.

"I feel shy. I don't know Indonesian that well yet."

"Trust me. They know Indonesian even worse than you. They studied it only for a couple of years in school before dropping out. And most likely, they skipped those lessons."

The main goal is not to speak without mistakes but rather to express your thoughts accurately and understand your interlocutor.

If you don't know one or two words in the Indonesian phrase you want to pronounce, don't hesitate. Replace that word with its English equivalent.

Your interlocutor will either be able to use his English to understand, or will guess from the context what is being said.

Sekolah – School

Universitas – University

Bensin – Gasoline

Nanas – Pineapple

Pensiun – Pension

Mebel – Furniture

Kamera – Camera (фотокамера)

Presiden – President

Direktur — Director

Otomatis – Automatic

Lift – Elevator

Kran – Crane

Produksi – Production

Situasi – Situation

Intonasi – Intonation

Insinuasi — Insinuation

And some words have successfully migrated from English to Indonesian so firmly that Indonesians use them freely, forgetting about their Indonesian counterparts, and even write in English.

Laundry – laundromat. Even though you can write "Cuci pakaian" for washing clothes on signs, the term "laundry" is more commonly used.

Mall – shopping center. The widespread love of city dwellers for malls, where it's not only bright and loud but also cool, has firmly established this word in consciousness.

HP – mobile phone. An abbreviation for handphone. Pronounced as "хапэ". This term is typically used when referring to one's mobile phone.

Security – security guard. Read in English and used very widely.

Print – print, to print. In Indonesian, there is a fine word "cetakan." However, it is powerless compared to the English term "print."

Facebook – fortunately, it is called not "buku muka" but also – Facebook.

Angry birds – not "burung-burung galak" — but also – Angry Birds.

YouTube – not "kamupipa," but the same as our native YouTube.

iPhone – not "akutelpon," but straightforwardly – iPhone.

When learning foreign languages, experts usually advise watching more films and TV shows in the language you are learning. In the case of most languages, this advice is one hundred percent effective.

Through experimentation, it has been found that for beginners learning Indonesian, the most humane sources are Hollywood movies with Indonesian subtitles, some mildly traumatic genres of Indonesian pop music, and newspapers covering local and national events.

Dewa, Ungu, Piter Pan, Kotak, Padi, Slank – are relatively safe songs.

Global TV, RCTI, Trans TV – periodic evening screenings of American movies with Indonesian subtitles.

Kompas, Tempo – easily digestible Indonesian newspapers.

Use sources friendly to the brain.

It is not at all necessary to experiment with your family or friends on switching to speaking Indonesian. If you are a beginner, when talking with friends you will inevitably simplify the language, simplify the thoughts you want to express. And during the experiment, you will stop enjoying the semantic nuances and richness of your native language.

Moreover, in order to conduct an experiment to switch to Indonesian within your family or a group of people, you need the cooperation of several individuals. If someone is busy or slacking off, it will be easier for you to sidestep, justifying it by a lack of like-minded people.

Be your own loyal companion in learning the language. Believe that your own curiosity, inquisitiveness, combined with mental translation, can be sufficient.

Be a trailblazer.

Even if you leave Indonesia after a month or a year and never return, it doesn't mean that you've wasted your time on Indonesian.

By acquiring a new foreign language, you are enhancing the development of your brain. Numerous research results show that people who know several languages maintain better memory and cognitive abilities in their later years.

Let's say you don't believe in the "studies by American scientists" and think that the relationship was actually the other way around. It wasn't the languages that made the elderly more alert; rather, smart seniors had already mastered several languages.

In that case, I'll present the results of a purer experiment. In the Swedish Academy of Young Translators, newcomers are taught an accelerated course in complex languages. They are offered the opportunity to learn Arabic, Russian, or Dari—the language of Afghan Tajiks—in just 13 months.

During the experiment, students studied the language from morning to evening, without weekends, at an intense pace. The focus was not just on active intellectual activity but specifically on learning foreign languages.

As a control group, scientists used students from a medical university. They also studied at a brisk pace, but the subject of their cramming did not involve foreign languages. Both groups underwent MRI scans before the start of the experiment and after three months of active learning.

As a result, the brain structure of the control group remained unchanged. However, in the students who were mastering an unfamiliar language, scientists observed an "increase" in the hippocampus—a deep brain structure responsible for acquiring new knowledge, spatial orientation, and the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory.

And here's another pleasant fact. Scientists from the Otto von Guericke University in Magdeburg and their colleagues from Barcelona found (again, using MRI) that memorizing new words activates the "pleasure center" in the brain. According to researchers, the activation of the "pleasure center" helped people develop their language skills throughout evolution.

Can you already feel your pleasure center activating right now? There might be more to come!

Activate your "pleasure center"!

If you have any super-effective turbo methods personally tested by you, please share them! If you find any of my tips controversial, share your disapproval! If you haven't found anything, share nothing! Don't just sit there! Share!

I purposely exclude typical Balinese expressions used only in Bali. The list includes words used throughout Indonesia.

Ibu — formally and informally to women older than you, the same age, or younger when officially addressing officials, for example. Literally - mother. In the informal version, it can be shortened to bu.

Bapak — formally and informally to men who are older, the same age, or younger when officially addressing. Literally - father. In the informal version, it can be shortened to pak.

Mas — informal address to a man of the same age, slightly younger, or slightly older.

Mbak — informal address to a woman slightly older, younger, or of the same age.

Note: mas and mbak are address forms that originated from Javanese. However, since the capital of Indonesia is located on Java, where Javanese people constitute the ethnic majority, holding key positions in the government and dominating the media, the use of mas and mbak has become universal throughout Indonesia.

Saudara — an informal address to a man of the same age. Literally - brother. Less formal than mas.

Saudari — an informal address to a woman of the same age. Literally - sister. Less formal than mbak.

Saudara-saudari — often used when addressing a large group of people in presentations. Similar to bapak-bapak and ibu-ibu.

Adik — an informal address to someone younger than you, regardless of gender. Literally - younger sibling. More informal than saudara, saudari.

Adik — universally used when addressing a child, regardless of their gender.

Kakak — an informal address to someone older than you, regardless of gender. Literally - older sibling. Less formal than saudara, saudari.

Koko — It is said that in areas with a significant population of ethnic Chinese Indonesians, such as Jakarta, you may hear the term koko, sometimes shortened to ko. It is used in the same way as kakak.

Nyonya — used formally when addressing a woman, such as an official. However, ibu is more universal and is used more frequently, probably because nyonya was historically used to address the Dutch and other foreigners, and subconsciously, it is perceived as too formal. Although now it can be used when addressing Indonesians as well.

Tuan — used formally when addressing a man, such as an official. Bapak is used more often. Similarly, like nyonya, tuan was historically used to address foreigners.

If a woman is very elderly, almost like a grandmother, you can address her as ibu. It is polite.

If a grandfather is very elderly, you can address him as bapak. It is also polite.

Om - literally "uncle". Used when addressing family members. But young children love to use it, and not with their relatives either.

Tante - literally "aunt". Used to refer within the family. But young children often use it outside the family too.

Nenek - literally "grandmother". Used within the family.

Kakek - literally "grandfather". Used within the family.

Pria, laki-laki - man are used to denote gender. They are not used when addressing a person. Pria is usually a sexually mature male.

Lucky-laki for any condition. For example, anak laki-laki is a boy. Anak pria cannot be consumed.

Wanita, perempuan - woman. Used to indicate gender only. Not used to address a person. Moreover, wanita is a sexually mature woman. Perempuan for any condition. For example anak perempuan - girl. Anak wanita should not be consumed.

Officially, there are no accents in Indonesian. If you propose a word to an Indonesian with stress on the first syllable and then on the last one, they will likely say that both variants are correct. Personally, I rely on my musical ear. When I observe people speaking or accidentally tune in to Indonesian TV channels, in 99% of cases, I personally hear the stress on the last vowel sound. I can recommend sticking to the stress pattern that you hear more frequently in the speech of native speakers with whom you will be conversing.

The consonant "k" at the end of a word is pronounced very lightly, almost like a stop. Words like bapak, pak, mbak, adik, kakak, nenek, kakek.

Nyonya is pronounced as "nyonya."

These are the most common titles and words used to indicate gender. This information is shared based on the words of a group of friendly contemporary Indonesians from Jakarta. If you have any complaints about this post, send them to the village to Grandpa in Jakarta ;)

There is one beautiful word in the Indonesian language. And if you learn its combinations with other words, you can beautifully and succinctly express a greeting to your interlocutor or congratulate him.

Today the word selamat is under attack.

If you look in the dictionary, you can find a lot of its meanings:

1) safe

2) well-being, happiness, prosperity

3) joyful, pleasant, blissful

4) congratulations, wishes of good luck and prosperity

It is the last meaning of this word that we will deal with.

Selamat pagi! - Good morning! 6.00 - 10.00 hours

Selamat siang! - Good afternoon! 10.00 - 15.00 hours

Selamat sore! - Good evening! 15.00 - 18.00 hours

Selamat malam! - Good night! 18.00 - 6.00 hours

I'll note that sometimes Indonesians use these time divisions subjectively. For example, I'm walking around the hotel grounds. One porter greets me with "selamat sore" because, apparently, he's tired and it already seems to him that evening has come, and the sun is inclining towards sunset. A few minutes later, another porter greets me with "selamat siang" because he's lively, full of energy, and probably woke up on the right side of the bed that morning.

There is a fairly clear rule regarding "selamat malam." "Malam" is all the dark hours. There's no confusion here.

But if you wake up early in the morning around four and head to the morning market in the dim light before dawn, it's better to use "selamat pagi" for greetings.

Selamat tidur! - Good sleep!

Selamat jalan! - Bon Voyage! Wishes of a good journey to those who are leaving from the side of those remaining.

Selamat tinggal! —Happy stay! Wishing well to the one who stays from the one who is leaving.

Selamat datang! - You are welcome! They say it to a person who arrives at a place for the first time.

Selamat makan! - Bon appetit!

Selamat kerja! - Literally, I would translate this - “it’s a pleasure to work”, as a wish for someone who works.

Selamat Ulang Tahun! - Happy birthday!

Selamat Natal! - Merry Christmas!

Selamat Tahun Baru! - Happy New Year!

Selamat Paskah! - Easter!

Selamat Idul Fitri! — Congratulations on the Muslim holiday of Idul Fitri.

Selamat menempuh hidup baru! - Happy start of a new life! This is how the newlyweds are congratulated at their wedding.

Selamat memulai hidup baru! - The meaning is the same as the previous congratulation, but is used less often.

Selamat hari minggu! - If you go to a Christian service in a church on Sunday, you will hear how, shaking hands after the service, the parishioners greet each other: - Happy Sunday! Or: - Happy Sunday!

And finally, just Selamat! - Congratulations!

Can be used as a catchall word when you want to congratulate someone on a promotion at work, receiving a diploma, or other achievement.

Selamat is pronounced almost exactly the same as it is written. The only vowel “e” is pronounced very fluently and is sometimes almost inaudible. Almost like "slamat".

Language incidents that arise when the words of a foreign language are similar to the words of yours are very well remembered when learning a language.

The letters in brackets are letters that are pronounced very fluently and are almost inaudible.

h (x) – pronounced with a light aspiration

k (k) – at the end of a word it is pronounced as a slight hesitation

e (е) - in the first syllable of the word it is pronounced very fluently and barely audible, it does not soften the previous consonant and therefore sounds like an average between e and e (empat, enam, gelas, belas, papaya, semangka).

ng n(g) – sounds like a soft nasal n. How is "ng" pronounced if it is followed by another "g".

Seratus - s(e)ratus - one hundred

Seribu - s(e)ribu - one thousand

Belas - b(e)las (BELAZ)

Dunia - dunia (Dunya) - peace

Tanya - tanya (Tanya) - ask

Lidah - lida(x) (Lida) - language

Ludah - lyuda(x) (Luda) - saliva

Raya - Raya - great, big

Timur - Timur - east, eastern

Kira - Kira - to assume

Kira-kira - Kira-kira - approximately, approximately

Kain - Kain - cloth

Lada - Lada - hot pepper

Mari - Mari - come on (as an incentive to action), let's

Di mana - di mana (Dimana) - where?

Judi - Judi, chudi - gambling

Luka - Luka - wound

Panas - Panas (as a variation of the name Afanasy) - hot

Oli - Oli - machine oil

Dana - Dana - donation

Alis - Alice - eyebrow

Kamu - kamu (to whom?) - you (when informally addressing a loved one)

Kita - kita - we (including the interlocutor)

Rebus - rebus - boil, boiled

Kol - kol - cabbage

Kacang - cabbage (g), (head of cabbage) - nut

Rasa - race - taste

Beras - b(e)ras (breast) - uncooked grain of rice

Air - Air - water

Kelapa - paw (bug) - coconut

Es kelapa - es k(e)lapa (from a bug) - a dessert made from coconut water, coconut pulp with added sweeteners. A couple of times I encountered the fact that unprepared friends refused the proposed refreshing drink “from a bug,” considering the name suspicious.

Tawar - tavar (product) - fresh

Teh - te(x), te(x) (te, te) - tea

Teh tawar - those(x) tavar (technical product) - fresh, unsweetened tea

Kopi - copy - coffee

Teri - t(e)ri (three) - a special type of small fish, which is usually dried and then stewed in tomato sauce or fried

Minyak - minya (k) (me) - liquid oil

Telur - t(e) lur (tellurium) - egg

Kuda - where - horse

Kuda kamu - where kamu (where? to whom?) - your horse

Kura-kura - kura-kura - turtle

Monyet - coin - monkey

Sapi - sapi (sopi!) - cow

Seruni - s(e)runi - chrysanthemum

Angin - sore throat - wind

Sawah - sawa (x) (owl) - rice field

Duri - dope - fish bone, thorn, thorn

Daun - down - plant leaf

Udara - impact - air, atmosphere

Muka - flour - face, front part, upcoming

Dada - dada (yes-yes) - breasts, regular breasts, not a bust

Nenek - nene(k) (no-no) - grandmother

Dada nenek - dada nene(k) (yes-yes, no-no) - grandmother's breasts

Pipi - pipi - cheek

Kaki - kaki - leg

Laki-laki - laki-laki - man

Kaki laki-laki - kaki, laki, laki - a man’s legs

Kuku - kuku - nail

Kuku kaki - kuku kaki - toenail

Lidah - lida(x) (Lida) - language

Hati - hati (hoti) - liver

Perut - p(e)rut (rod) - stomach, belly

Alis - Alice - eyebrow

Topi - drown! - cap, hat

Jas - jas (jazz) - jacket, coat

Rok - rock - skirt

Peci - peci - Indonesian folk hat, brimless, black

Tas - tas (pelvis) - bag

Merah - m(e)ra(x) (measure) - red

Biru - biru (take) - blue

Kuda biru - where do I take it (where do I take it?) - blue horse

Murah - mura(x) (mura) - cheap

Mahal - waved - dear

Duit - blowing (blowing) - money

Gadai - guess - pawn, pledge

Bedah - trouble(s) (trouble) - surgery

Dokter bedah - doctor trouble(x) (Dr. Beda) - surgeon

Ayah - aya(x) (and me?) - father

Awas - avas (and you?) - be careful!

Hati-hati - hati-hati (hoti-hoti) - be careful!

Terus - t(e)rus (coward) - directly, immediately, further

Belok - b(e)lok (block, protein) - turn

Dinding - dinding(g) (ding-ding) - wall

Gelas - g(e)las (voice, eye) - glass, mug

Baki - tanks - tray

Buku - buku - book

Kapal - dripped (dug) - ship

Seksi - sexy - department, section, platoon in the army

Berita - b(e)rita (brita) - news

Kota - kota - city

Kata - kata (cat) - word

Barang - ram (g) (ram) - product, item, object

Kisah - kitty (x) (kitty) - story, history

Besi - b(e)si (besi!) - iron

Kasih - kasi(x) (kosi) - love, love of the love-care type

Kuasa - kuasa (kvass) - strength, power, authority

Sosok - nipple - loop, shape, numerical classifier for body parts

Rabu - slave - Wednesday (day of the week)

Bedah - trouble(s) (trouble) - surgery

Dokter bedah - doctor trouble(x) (Dr. Beda) - surgeon

Cat - chat - paint, paint

Nota - note - score, record

Adu - hell - competition, compete

Sama - herself - the same, equal, together with...

Ya, sama - I myself - yes, the same

Pas - pass (pass, groove) - suitable, appropriate (for inanimate nouns)

Cocok - chocho(k) (what-what?) - suitable, appropriate (for animate nouns)

Beda - trouble - other

Rusak - rusak - broken

Basah - bass(x) (bosa) - wet

Sepi - s(e)pi (sleep!) - quiet, calm

Nakal - intensity - naughty, unbridled

Berat - b(e)rat (brother) - heavy

Buka - - open

Dedah - grandfather (x) (grandfather) - uncovered, naked

Lucu - luku - funny

Penuh - p(e)well(x) (kick) - full

Lama - lama - old (used for inanimate objects)

Awal - aval (oval) - early, early

Pelan - p(e)lan (plan) - slowly, slow

Ragu - stew - suspicious

Berani - b(e)rani (abuse) - brave

Keras - k(e)ras (KRAZ) - hard, hard

Keren - k(e)ren (roll) - impressive, handsome (about a man), well dressed, good looking, cool. Used in relation to men

Lupa - magnifying glass - forget

Nyanyi - nanny - sing

Bilang - bilan(g) (belan, Bilan) - say

Diri - diri (deri!) - stand

Pel - sang - sweep

Beri - b(e)ri (take) - give

Kasi - kasi (kosi) - to give (closer in meaning to “to give”)

Pel - sang - sweep

Cat - chat - paint, paint

Belok - b(e)lok (block, protein) - turn, rotate

Rukah - hand(x) (hand) - roll over, capsize

Ada - ada - auxiliary verb is (like English to be)

Ya - I - yes

Waduh - wadu(x) (in hell) - oh!

Sudah - vessels (x) (ships) - already

Bratan - bro - lake in Bali

Buyan - buyan - lake in Bali

Maros - maros (frost) is a city north of Makassar, famous for its ancient caves.

Karassik - karassik (karasik) district and large settlement in Tana Toraja (Sulawesi island)

Palu - Palu (semi) is a city in the central part of the island of Sulawesi.

Tarakan - cockroach is a city in the province of North Kalimantan, famous for its oil and gas fields.

Sarapan - sarapan - breakfast

Pahlawan - pahlawan - hero

All materials are tested on live Indonesians. No native speakers were harmed in the preparation of this lesson.

The lesson is dedicated to shopping. In this tutorial we will buy fruit juices.

In Indonesia, it is customary for the buyer and seller to greet each other. When entering a store or approaching a counter, say hello immediately, without waiting for a greeting. This will set both the seller and, most importantly, you in a positive mood.

Buah – fruit

Mangga - mango

Jeruk – orange

Alpukat – avocado

Semangka – watermelon

Buah naga – dragonfruit

Apel – apple

Melon – melon

Tomat - tomato

Sirsak - sirsak

Terong belanda – “Dutch eggplant”

Nanas - pineapple

Pisang – banana

Stroberi – strawberry

Nangka – jackfruit

Salak - Baltic herring

Durian - durian

Wortel – carrots

Anggur – grapes

Jambu – guwava

Pepaya - papaya

Jus - juice

Gula – sugar

Es – ice

Susu – milk (Indonesians often use condensed milk when making juice)

Gelas – glass

Pipet – drinking straw

Habis - ended

Kosong - empty (sometimes, if there is no product or something else, instead of empty (sometimes, if there is no product or something else, instead of habis, Indonesians can say kosong - empty)

Minum – to drink

Bungkus – package

Di – passive prefix

Dibungkus – take away, take away

Pakai – use

Sedikit - a little

Tersedia – in stock

Manis – sweet

Harga – price

Berapa – how much

Berapa harga? - what is the price?

Tidak – not (used for adjectives and verbs except verbs in the imperative mood)

tidak manis – unsweetened, tidak suka – I don’t like it. Sometimes colloquially shortened to gak, but not very often.

Bukan – not (used for nouns) – bukan melon – not a melon. Sometimes shortened to kan in colloquial speech, but not very often.

Jangan – not (used for verbs in the imperative mood) – jangan pakai – do not use

Useful questions and suggestions:

Please note that word order is important in Indonesian. For example, anjing makan is "a dog eats", and makan anjing is "a dog eats".

Jus yang mana ada tersedia? – (juice, which, what, is, available) What juices do you have?

Apakah ada jus sirsak? – (does, have, juice, sirsak) Do you have sirsak juice?

Tolong, jangan pakai gula. – (please, do not, use, sugar) Please do not add sugar.

Tolong, jangan pakai es dan gula. – (please, do not, use, ice, and, sugar) Please, no ice and sugar.

Berapa harga satu gelas jus semangka? – (how much, price, one, glass, juice, watermelon) How much does a glass of watermelon juice cost? The phrases satu gelas can be omitted by simply saying Berapa harga jus semangka?

Saya minum di sini. – (I, drink, in, here) I’ll drink here. You can simply say Saya minum sini.

Saya mau dibungkus. – (I, want, takeaway) I’ll take it away.

Campur stroberi dan pisang – (mixture, strawberries, and banana) Mix strawberries and banana. In this case, you can use dan or sama (Campur stroberi sama pisang).

Boleh saya minta...? – (may I, ask) Can I ask...? classic polite address if you want to ask for something.

Example dialogue:

Nikita: Selamat pagi, ibu! (Good morning, lady!)

Ibu Sinarwati: Selamat pagi, bapak! (Good morning, sir!)

Nikita: Apakah ada jus mangga? (There is mango juice)

Ibu Sinarwati: Permisi, bapak, jus mangga habis. Tidak ada. (Sorry sir, mango juice is out. Nope.)

Nikita: Jus yang mana ada tersedia? (Which one is it?)

Ibu Sinarwati: Jus jeruk, alpukat, stroberi, pisang, nangka, apel dan tomat. (Orange, avocado, strawberry, banana, jackfruit, apple and tomato)

Nikita: Apakah ini durian, ibu? (Madam, is this durian?)

Ibu Sinarwati: Ini bukan durian. Ini buah nangka. (It's not durian. It's jackfruit)

Nikita: Boleh saya minta satu jus alpukat dan satu jus campur pisang sama stroberi? (Can I ask for one avocado and one banana-strawberry)

Ibu Sinarwati: Boleh. Apakah bapak mau minum di sini atau dibungkus? (You can. Will you drink here or take it to go?)

Nikita: Saya mau minum disini. Tolong, jangan pakai es dan susu. (I'll drink here. Please don't add ice and milk)

Ibu Sinarwati: Bapak tidak suka jus manis? (Mr. doesn't like sweet juice?)

Nikita: Saya suka jus manis. Tapi tidak suka terlalu manis. (I like sweet. But I don't like too sweet)

Ibu Sinarwati: Pakai es? (With ice?)

Nikita: Ya, bisa pakai sedikit es. (Yes, you can add some ice).

Ibu Sinarwati: Baiklah (Good).

Nikita: Permisi, ibu. Apakah ada pipet? (Sorry, madam. Do you have a straw?)

Ibu Sinarwati: Waduh, permisi, saya lupa. Ini pipet. (Oh, sorry, I forgot. Here's a straw)

Nikita: Ibu, berapa harga jus alpukat dan jus pisang sama stroberi? (Madam, how much is avocado and banana-strawberry juice?)

Ibu Sinarwati: Jus alpukat lima belas ribu dan jus pisang sama stroberi empat belas ribu. (Avocado – 15 thousand and banana-strawberry – 14 thousand)

Nikita: Berapa totalnya? (How many in total?)

Ibu Sinarwati: Totalnya dua puluh sembilan ribu. (Total 29 thousand)

Nikita: Ini tiga puluh ribu. Apakah ada kembali? (Here's 30 thousand. Do you have change?)

Ibu Sinarwati: Ada. Ini seribu, bapak. Terima kasih! (Yes. Here's a thousand, sir. Thank you!)

Nikita: Sama-sama! (And you too!)

Sometimes when addressing an interlocutor, Indonesians talk about him in the third person.

And sometimes when talking about themselves, they also use the third person. Don’t catch yourself in the strangeness of the “Chukchi wants...” situation. This is normal in Indonesian.

Often, while driving on the streets in Indonesia, we see various signs. For a brief moment, the meaning is intriguing. You think, "I should check later how it's translated." But then, a second passes, someone distracts you, a conversation starts, and the word or sign is forgotten. Meanwhile, information about a dentist or a printing service just a hundred meters from your home could come in handy.

Today's lesson is about inscriptions, signs, and road signs in the Indonesian language that you might encounter in an average Indonesian town. Naturally, I can't list all the road signs existing in Indonesia at the moment. In this lesson, you'll only see the most popular ones—those I reconstructed from memory or saw today along the road.

Food establishments

Warung makan - snack bar

Masakan Padang – Padang cuisine snack bar (from the West Sumatra province) – rice with Padang-specific side dishes

Warung Nasi Jawa – Javanese rice snack bar - rice with toppings, but with Javanese specificity

Nasi Campur – "mixed rice" snack bar - also rice with toppings, but without claiming Sumatran or Javanese flair

Bakso – meatball snack bar (stationary or mobile) – soup with (most often) chicken or beef meatballs.

Terang Bulan – this sign is often seen on a mobile kitchen where round sweet pancakes called "terang bulan" are fried with chocolate, nut, or other sweet fillings.

Martabak – this sign is often seen on a mobile kitchen where "martabak" pies, resembling omelets with savory fillings, are fried.

Gorengan – this sign is often seen on a mobile kitchen where various fried snacks ("gorengan") like fried bananas, cassava, tofu, tempeh, corn kernels, etc., are made in batter.

Roti goreng - "fried bread" - this sign is often seen on a mobile kitchen where slices of white bread are cut, spread with jams and other sweet fillings, and then toasted.

Warung kopi – coffee shop. Often abbreviated to Warkop on signs.

Aneka jus – assorted juices

Institutions

Notaris - notary

Kantor pos – mail

Kantor imigrasi – immigration service

SD – sekolah dasar – elementary school – for children aged 5-11(12) years

SMP – sekolah menengah pertama – junior high school (lower grades) - for children aged 11-14(15) years

SMA – sekolah menengah atas – senior high school (upper grades) - for children aged 14-17(18) years

Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kerobokan - Kerobokan prison. Often, Lembaga Pemasyarakatan is abbreviated to LP. LP is the official abbreviation. Unofficially, the prison is referred to as "penjara."

Medicine

Dokter gigi – dentist

Dokter mata - ophthalmologist

Dokter kulit dan kelamin - dermatovenerologist

Dokter penyakit dalam - therapist

Dokter syaraf - neurologist

Dokter hewan – veterinarian

Rumah sakit - hospital

Apotik - pharmacy

Toko obat – medicine store (there are fewer types of medicines than in a pharmacy and there is no pharmacist)

Puskesmas - clinic

Bidan - obstetrician

Sale

Jual pulsa – sale of balance (for telephone, electric meter)

Isi pulsa – replenishment of balance (for telephone, electric meter)

Isi pulse di sini! – top up your balance here!

Jual bensin – sale of gasoline

Jual gas – sale of domestic gas

Jual beli mobil – sale and purchase of cars

Jual kambing – sale of goats

Jual ayam – sale of chickens

Jual pasir – sale of sand

Jual batu alam – sale of natural stone

Jual variasi – sale of spare parts

Jual alat-alat – sale of spare parts

Jual oli – sale of machine oil

Jual kembang api – sale of fireworks

The shops

Toko - store

Toko bangunan – hardware store

Depot air minum / isi ulang air – replenishment of drinking water

Washing

Cuci motor – washing bikes, motorcycles

Cuci helm – helmet washing

Cuci mobil – car wash

Cuci karpet – carpet washing

Service

Bengkel - workshop

Isi angin – tire inflation, tire inflation

Pres ban – tire repair (tire patch)

Ganti oli – oil change

Rental motor – rental of bikes and motorcycles

Rental mobil – car rental

Pompa benzin - gas station

Potong rambut – hair cutting, hair salon

Pangkas rambut – hair cutting, hair salon

Menerima pesanan – we accept orders

Pijat - massage

Penjahit - tailor

Pangkalan ojek – base of motorcycle taxi drivers

Disewakan – for rent

Kursus mengemudi – driving courses

Percetakan – listing, printing

Warung internet – internet cafe. Often shortened to Warnet on signs

Road signs

Jalan terus - keep moving without stopping

Dilarang berhenti – it is forbidden to stop

Dilarang parkir – parking is prohibited

Dilarang merokok – no smoking

Hati-hati! - carefully!

6.00 – 12.00 dilarang kecuali sepeda motor – 6.00 – 12.00 entry is prohibited for everyone except bikes and motorcycles

Housing

Terima kos – rooms for rent (dormitory type)

Dikontrakkan – for rent

Attractions

Air terjun - waterfall

Object wisata – tourist object

Kebun raya – botanical garden

Other signs and signage

Selamat datang! - Welcome!

Selamat jalan! - Bon Voyage!

Awas! Ada anjing! - Carefully! Dog!

Awas! Anjing galak! - Carefully! Angry dog!

Dilarang membuang sampah! – It is forbidden to throw away garbage!

Awas!!! Berbahaya tegangan tinggi!!! - Carefully!!! High voltage!

Dilarang membangun bangunan tanpa IMB! – It is prohibited to construct buildings without an IMB (building permit)

All phrases and dialogue are tested on live Indonesians. No native speakers were harmed in the preparation of this lesson ;)

You are on one of the islands in Indonesia, still not particularly familiar to you. The battery is dead – the navigator on your phone won't help anymore. The power bank is left at home. It's already late in the evening, you're tired from the journey, and you really want to find a hotel or guesthouse. However, all the locals you encounter on the road freeze when they hear English. A paper map is at hand, but it's not particularly helpful. Nothing can be done. You'll have to use your entire arsenal of Indonesian, whatever it may be.

There are many words in this lesson. Depending on your needs and requirements, take as many words as you need. Even if you grasp 10% of the words from the lesson – that's already great.

The advantage of large lessons is that they are quite comprehensive. Mastering all the words from the lesson, in 90% of cases, you'll be able to explain yourself correctly and find your way.

The most crucial question is "di mana" (dee mah-nah) – where? Knowing only this question and the name of the place you need, you can somehow determine the direction to move. After all, even if you can't understand directions given, you can at least orient yourself with gestures.

"Di mana hotel (wisma, penginapan, pondok)?" – Where is the hotel (guesthouse, accommodation, cottage)? "Wisma" means a guesthouse. "Penginapan" (derived from the Indonesian word "menginap" - to stay overnight) and "pondok" are usually guesthouses of a slightly lower class than "wisma" and more budget-friendly. In the dialogue, I will translate the word "wisma" as a guesthouse.

Useful words related to direction and road:

- Ini – this, here

- Itu – that, there

- Di sini – here

- Di sana – there

- Di situ – in textbooks, it is mentioned that "di situ" refers to something far from the speaker but close to the listener. In spoken Indonesian, people often ignore this rule and use it as an intermediate term between "di sini" and "di sana." "Di situ" implies something that is not within arm's reach but can be reached by walking and is close enough to touch.

- Di daerah – in the vicinity, nearby, in the area. "Di daerah sini" means around here, in this area. "Di daerah sana" means around there, in that area.

- Kiri – left, on the left, to the left. By the way, "kiri!" is often shouted by bus passengers to the driver, asking him to make a stop, meaning to pull over to the left side of the road.

Kanan – right, on the right, to the right

Di sebelah kiri – on the left side (sebelah – half, about, in the direction of)

Di sebelah kanan – on the right side

Belok – turn, to turn

Belok kiri - turn left

Belok kanan – turn right

Depan – in front, upcoming, next

Di depan – in front, before

Di antara – between

Di tengah – in the middle (more precisely, in the middle between)

Terus – further, immediately, to continue, then (informal)

Lurus – straight, without deviation, on a straight path

Kemudian – later, after

Lalu – then, afterwards, the last, the previous. In the context of "later," "lalu" and "kemudian" are interchangeable.

Sampai - until

Dekat - close

Jauh – far

Dari – from. Dekat dari sini – close from here. Jauh dari sini – far from here.

Lewat – pass, go through, through

Jalan – to go, to travel, street, road

Jalan kaki – (walking, foot) to walk

Jalan pakai motor – (walking, using, bike) to ride a bike

Jalan pakai mobil – (walking, using, car) to drive a car

Alamat - address

Alamatnya – this address (the use of -nya with nouns serves as an article like "the" in English)

Ambil – to take, to follow

Ketemu - to meet

Lampu - lamp

Merah - red

Lampu merah - traffic light

Sebelum – before (belum – not yet).

Sesudah – after (sudah – already). Alternatively, "setelah" is also used, but less commonly.

Terletak – located (letak – place, location, disposition). In spoken language, it is often replaced by the auxiliary verb "ada" (to be). Although grammatically more accurate to use "terletak."

Other words found in the lesson:

- Maaf – excuse me, sorry.

- Permisi – excuse me, pardon (a softer version).

- Tanya, bertanya – to ask. Grammatically, it's more correct to use it with the prefix "ber-" (bertanya), but in spoken language, it's often used simply as "tanya."

- Numpang tanya – may I ask?

- Tahu – to know. In this case, "tahu" is pronounced without the "h" to avoid confusion with "tahu" (tofu).

- Bisa – can, to be able to physically (similar to "can" in English).

- Boleh – can, to have permission (similar to "may" in English).

- Boleh saya tahu? – (may, I, know) Can I know?

- Kota – city.

- Nama – name, title; namanya (this name, -nya is used as an article like "the" in English).

- Tersesat – lost. Saya tersesat – I am lost.

- Cari - to search.

- Apakah – whether, is there. Introductory word to form a question. In spoken language, it can be omitted with a questioning intonation.

- Apa – what (how, which, introductory word for a question).

- Bagaimana menuju ke sana – (how, go towards, to, there) How to get there? Often, "bagaimana" is shortened to "gimana." You can also say Bagaimana bisa ke sana? (how, can, to, there) – How can I get there?

- Sekali – very (used after an adjective). Sangat – very (used before an adjective). Jauh sekali – very far. Sangat jauh – very far.

- Ada – introductory verb "to be." Often omitted in spoken language.

- Yang – which. Often omitted in spoken language.

- Bagus – good.

Selain – in addition to...

Lagi – again (in the sense of "one more time," "more," "again")

Juga – also, too

Kira-kira – approximately. Also used for approximate indications like kurang-lebih (less-more, meaning more or less), sekitar.

Atau – or

Kalau – if, when. Often in spoken language, it sounds like "kalo."

Lihat, melihat – to see. "Melihat" is a transitive verb that implies an object after it. However, in spoken language, the prefix "me," "meng," "men," "mem" is often omitted, and the verb is used without it.

Papan – board, sign. Papan nama – signboard

Menyeberang jalan – to cross the street. Another expression you can use is melewati jalan.

Tunjukan – to point (tunjuk – pointing finger)

Peta – map

Susah – difficult. Also used "sulit" or "sukar."

Gampang – easy. Also used "mudah."

Pakai – to use (for clothing items, it's also used as "to wear")

Warung makan – (small shop, eat) snack bar

Murah – cheap

Mahal – expensive

Tapi – but

Begitu – like that, so, in that way. Sometimes in spoken language, it sounds like "gitu."

Salah – wrong

Betul – correct. Also used "benar," but slightly less often.

Warna – color

Merah - red

Fedya: Maaf, pak, numpang tanya? Ini kota namanya apa? (Excuse me, sir, may I ask? What is the name of this city?)

Pak Kumis: Ini kota Maros. (This is the city of Maros)

Fedya: Saya tersesat. Saya cari wisma “Viktoria” di kota Maros. Apakah bapak tahu itu di mana? (I'm lost. I'm looking for the Victoria guesthouse in Maros. Do you know where it is?)

Pak Kumis: Boleh saya tahu alamatnya? Itu di jalan apa? (Can I know the address? What street is it on?)

Fedya: Di jalan Jendral Sudirman. Apa nama jalan ini? (On General Sudirman Street. What is the name of this street?)

Pak Kumis: Ini namanya Diponegoro. (This is Diponegoro)

Fedya: Bagaimana menuju ke sana? Apakah jalan Jendral Sudirman jauh atau dekat dari sini? (How to get there? Is General Sudirman Street far or close from here?)

Pak Kumis: Dekat sekali! Ambil jalan ini lurus, sampai ketemu lampu merah, kemudian belok kiri. Di sana ada Jalan Jendral Sudirman. (Very close! Take this street straight until you meet a traffic light, then turn left. There is General Sudirman Street)

Fedya: Apakah bapak tahu wisma yang bagus di kota ini selain wisma “Viktoria”? (Do you know another good guesthouse in this city besides the Victoria guesthouse?)

Pak Kumis: Ya, tahu. Wisma “Maria”. Bagus sekali! (Yes, I know. Guesthouse “Maria”. Very good!)

Fedya: Itu di mana? (Where is it?)

Pak Kumis: Di Jalan Jendral Sudirman juga. Di jalan Sudirman jalan terus kira-kira 500 meter. Ada service center Honda dan mall “Hardis” di sana. Wisma “Maria” di tengah service center dan mall. (Also on Sudirman Street. On Sudirman Street you go straight for about 500 meters. There is a Honda service center and a Hardis supermarket. Guesthouse "Maria" is between the service center and the mall)

Fedya: Apakah itu di sebelah kiri atau di sebelah kanan? (Is it on the left or right side?)

Pak Kumis: Di sebelah kanan. (On the right side)

Fedya: Apa ada di depan wisma “Maria”? (And what’s opposite the guesthouse “Maria”?)

Pak Kumis: Di depan wisma “Maria” ada bank Danamon. Kalau melihat di sebelah kiri papan nama "bank Danamon" menyeberang jalan. Di sana ada wisma “Maria”. (In front of the guesthouse “Maria” is the Danamon Bank. When you see the “Danamon Bank” sign on the left side, cross the street. There will be a guesthouse “Maria”)

Fedya: Apakah wisma “Maria” terletak sebelum servis center Honda atau sesudah? (Guesthouse “Maria” before or after the Honda service center?)

Pak Kumis: Sesudah. Ada servis center Honda dan sesudah itu wisma “Maria” (After. Honda service center and after it guesthouse “Maria”)

Fedya: Bapak bisa tunjukan di peta ini? (Can you show on this map?)

Pak Kumis: Permisi, saya susah pakai peta. (Sorry, but it's difficult for me to use the map)

Fedya: Tidak apa-apa. Apakah ada warung makan bagus dan murah di daerah sana? (No big deal. Is there a good, inexpensive eatery in the area?)

Pak Kumis: Ada warung makan baugus tapi mahal di sana. Namanya itu “Sederhana”. Tapi ada satu juga yang bagus tapi tidak begitu mahal. Namanya "Saruran". (There is a good snack bar there, but a little expensive. It’s called “Sederkhana”. But there is one also good, but not so expensive. It’s called “Saruran”)

Fedya: Itu bagus? (She is good?)

Pak Kumis: Ya, sangat bagus! (Yes, very good!)

Fedya: Itu di mana? Dekat dari wisma? (Where is this? Is it close to the guesthouse?)

Pak Kumis: Dekat sekali! (Very close!)

Fedya: Bisa jalan kaki ke sana? Atau jauh jalan kaki ke sana? (Is it possible to walk there? Or is it too far to walk?)

Pak Kumis: Oh, bisa jalan kaki! (You can walk there!)

Fedya: Warung itu namanya “Saruran” di mana? (Where is this Saruran snack bar?)

Pak Kumis: Kalau keluar dari wisma “Maria” belok kiri. Jalan terus sekitar 300 meter sampai ketemu papan nama besar warna merah “Saruran”. Di sana ada warung makan “Saruran”. (If you are leaving Maria Guesthouse, turn left. Walk straight for about 300 meters until you come to a big red sign for Saruran. There is a Saruran snack bar there)

Fedya: Kalau saya ke sana apakah saya lewat mall “Hardis”? (If I go there, do I pass by Hardy's Mall?)

Pak Kumis: Tidak. Lewat service Honda. (No. Go to Honda service center)

Fedya: Ke sana sekitar 3 menit jalan kaki? (About 3 minutes walk there?)

Pak Kumis: Betul! (Right!)

Fedya: Terima kasih banyak, bapak! (Thank you very much, sir!)

Pak Kumis: Sama-sama! (And you too!)

It's no secret that one of the wonders of Indonesia and Bali in particular is that you can buy a variety of fruits and vegetables here all year round. If you are determined to stop buying them in supermarkets and want to try new sensations at the market, this lesson is for you. And also for those who want to test their vocabulary on this topic and make sure that they are armed to the teeth with words.

Vegetables and greens

asparagus - asparagus

bawang Bombay - onion ("Bombay onion")

bawang merah - shallots ("red onions") red small onions

bawang putih - garlic

bayam - spinach

brokoli - broccoli

buncis - bunchis, green pods

bunga kol, kembang kol - cauliflower ("cabbage flower")

daun bawang - green onion in shoots ("onion leaf")

jagung - corn

kacang panjang - kacang panjang, very long pod beans ("long nut")

kankung Lombok - kankung Lombok - an aquatic plant with long stems and small leaves

kentang - potatoes

ketela - ketela - sweet potato

kol - cabbage

labu - pumpkin

lobak - radish

pare - pare - a vegetable similar to a cucumber with pimples, bitter

sawi putih - Beijing salad

sayur - vegetable

sayur-sayuran - vegetables - collective name

selada - lettuce

seledri - celery

singkong - cassava

terong - eggplant

timun - cucumber, in textbooks and dictionaries they write ketimun, but in practice timun is used

toge - toge - soybean sprouts

tomat - tomato

ubi - ubi - sweet potato

wortel - carrot

Spices and seasonings

bumbu - spice, seasoning

bumbu basah - fresh seasoning ("wet seasoning")

bumbu segar - fresh seasoning ("seasoning is fresh")

bumbu kering - dried seasoning ("dry seasoning")

bumbu masak - cooking seasoning

cabe - chabe, hot pepper

cengkeh - clove

daun jeruk - lemon leaf

halus - finely ground, noble, soft, sensitive, delicate

kasar - coarse, coarse

jahe - ginger

kayu manis - cinnamon (“sweet tree”)

ketumbar - coriander

kunyit - turmeric

lada - pepper

lada hitam - black pepper

lada merah - red pepper

merica - pepper

sere - lemongrass

bubuk - powder, ground

jahe bubuk - ground ginger

kunyit bubuk - ground turmeric

batang jahe - fresh ginger in roots

batang kunyit - fresh turmeric in roots

Classifiers

Some nouns of the Indonesian language are used in a special grammatical function - as a counting word or as a classifier is also called.

In Indonesian, quantities are considered fruits, stems, seeds, tails and much more.

Here are the most likely classifiers you'll encounter.

- kilo - kilogram; classifier for objects measured in kilograms

- buah - fruit; classifier for small whole items (including electronics, appliances, equipment, houses)

- plastik - plastic bag; for items measured in packets

- ikat - bundle; classifier for items in a bundle

- batang - stem/trunk; classifier for elongated objects (including cigarettes)

- bungkus - package; classifier for items in a package

- potong - piece, cut; classifier for large cut pieces

- ekor - tail; classifier for animals and birds

Those that you are less likely to encounter in the market:

- biji - seed; classifier for round small items

- butir - grain; classifier for small round items (e.g., eggs)

- helai - strand; classifier for thin items like hair

- lembar - sheet (of paper); classifier for thin items like a sheet of paper

- pucuk - shoot; classifier for letters (they used to be rolled into a tube)

- tangkai - stem, stalk, trunk; classifier for long thin items like flowers

- orang, seorang - person; classifier for people

With the enumeration of objects as "fruits," I once encountered a funny incident. Once, I was on a ferry and saw a notice about the cost of transporting items on it. I came across a line in the price list that read "1 buah kulkas" and the corresponding cost for transportation. "Wow," I thought, "I've tried so many fruits, but I've never tried kulkas." Intuitively, I felt like I had seen this word somewhere before, but I couldn't recall where. The next line listed the cost for "1 buah motor," and I realized that the previous object was definitely not a fruit, and perhaps ordering juice from it wouldn't be a good idea.

Examples of calculating objects using classifiers.

sebuah - one fruit

sebuah mangga - one mango ("one mango fruit")

seikat - one bunch

seikat daun - one bunch of leaves

seekor - one animal ("one tail")

seekor ayam - one chicken ("one animal chicken")

How many

The most important word for the market and shopping is berapa - how much? Namely “Berapa harga?” (how much, price) “How much does it cost?”

To clarify:

Berapa harga ini? – How much is this?

Berapa harga itu? – How much is that item?

Berapa harganya? – How much does it cost?

The suffix "nya" is added similar to the English "the" and can be replaced with the demonstrative pronouns "this," "that," or "it."

Harga – price

Harganya – the price of this, the price for this, this price

Harga ini – the price of this, the price for this, this price

Rasa – taste

Rasanya - the taste of this, this taste

Rasa ini - the taste of this, this taste

Most products in the market are sold by kilograms. However, there are those that are sometimes sold individually (mango, papaya, watermelon, jackfruit, Peking cabbage), in bunches (greens - kachang panjang, kangkung, bunches, spinach), in plastic bags (chabe), or as stems (lemongrass).

Therefore, when purchasing, if in doubt, you can clarify:

Berapa harga ini per kilo?

Berapa harga satu kilo ini?

Apakah ini harga per kilo atau per buah?

Apakah harga ini per kilo atau per ikat?

Useful words

berat - heavy

beratnya - weight, this weight

setengah - half a kilo

sekilo setengah - one and a half kilograms (a kilogram and a half)

terlalu - too much

sedikit - a little, a little bit (used for indivisible objects - like sugar, flour, salt and adjectives)

beberapa - several, a little bit (used for divisible items)

banyak - many (for both divisible and indivisible)

terlalu banyak - too much

cukup - enough

paling - most (superlative)

lebih - more

kurang - less

kurang-lebih - more or less, approximately (you can also use kira-kira and sekitar)

lagi - yet

juga - too

untuk - for

sesuatu - something, anything

murah - cheap, cheap

mahal - dear, expensive

terlalu mahal - too expensive

harga mahal - (price, expensive) high price

harga murah - (price, cheap) low price

pas - suitable, appropriate

harga pas - right price

bagaimana (gimana – colloquial) - like

kalau (kalo – colloquial) - if

Bagaimana kalau...? (gimana kalo – colloquial) - What if...?

Useful verbs.

The verb in brackets with the prefix mem-, men-, meng-, me is a more grammatically correct active (transitive) version of the verb, but less often used in colloquial speech. Remember it - good. If you don’t remember, don’t fool yourself at first.

beli (membeli) - buy

jual (menjual) - to sell

bantu (membantu) - to help

mau - want

harus - to be obliged to do

perlu (memerlukan) - to need, to feel the need

butuh (membutuhkan) - to need, to feel the need, but is used a little less often than perlu

mencicipi - to taste

pilih (memilih) - choose

dapat (mendapat) - receive

habis (menghabiskan) - ended

timbang (menimbang) - to weigh

giling (menggiling) - grind

impor (mengimpor) - import

ambil (mengambil) - to take

tambah (menambahkan) - add

tambah lagi - add more

bau - to smell bad, bad odor

wangi - smell good, pleasant smell

harum - smell very pleasant, aroma

kurangi (mengurangi) - reduce (for example, price)

rugi (merugi) - to suffer financial losses

If you add the prefix di to a verb, it will take on a passive form.

Impor - import

Diimpor – imported

Jual – sell

Dijual - for sale

Saya mau beli – I want (going to) buy

Saya perlu beli – I need to buy

Saya harus beli – I must (must) buy

Boleh saya mencicipi ini? -Can I try this? (by the way, I don’t recommend doing this, but maybe someone wants to)

Jangan mencicipi! - Don't try!

Tidak boleh mencicipi! – You are not allowed to try!

Tomat habis – the tomatoes have run out

Tolong, tambah satu kilo bawang lagi. – Please add another kilogram of onions.

Useful adjectives

matang - mature, ripe

lembut - soft

keras - hard

segar - fresh

manis - sweet

pahit - bitter

aneh - strange

tajam - sharp

enak - delicious (universal for everything)

gurih - tasty (for everything, but more often about fish ready-made dishes)

lezat - tasty (for everything, but more often about ready-made meat dishes)

Useful nouns

macam - variety

jenis - species (used for animals)

daun - leaf of a plant

bagian - part

bagian bumbu-bumbu - spice department

bahan - substance, substance, material, object,

bahan-bahan - ingredients

barang - product

rasa - taste

Rice names

If you are unfamiliar with this issue and ask the store to show you the department where you can buy nasi (rice), the employee will take you to the “cooking” department, where you can buy ready-made dishes. Because, depending on its readiness, rice has different names.

Padi – rice growing in the field, plant

Ketan, beras ketan – a special type of rice grain - glutinous rice

Beras – rice grain harvested and ready for sale

Nasi – cooked rice

This lesson is for real lovers of Indonesian extreme sports. For those who reject the great opportunity to buy clothes in a store with fixed prices and English-speaking sellers. For those who are ready to plunge into shopping at an ordinary clothing market.

Here are a dozen secrets that can make the process of finding the best price less nerve-wracking. As usual, I don’t reinvent the wheel and take my hat off to the people who in Arab markets easily reduce the prices of local carpets from $5,000 to $50.

When you enter a small shop, the seller usually greets you and begins to inquire about you: which country you're from, the hotel you're staying at, how many days ago you arrived in Bali or Indonesia, whether you're married, where you work, and if you have children.

Setting aside those local residents who inquire selflessly and from the heart—there are people like that—market vendors typically ask these questions to gauge your financial capability, assess your familiarity with the local currency, determine if you are willing to negotiate, and assess how easily you might yield to pressure.

1. Don’t say that you arrived only today, yesterday or the day before yesterday. Even if that's the case. The seller will decide that you have not yet figured out the local currency, are going crazy with zeros and will set the price higher.

2. The lowest paid jobs in Indonesia are: port worker (buruh pelabuhan), factory worker (buruh pabrik), farmer (petani), motorcycle driver (tukang ojek), parking attendant (tukang parkir), cleaner (tukang bersih-bersih), penjual sayur (vegetable seller), domestic servant (pembantu). Doctors, teachers and students are not included in the category of poor people. If you want to reduce the original price even further, say that you are a farmer or a parking attendant.

Here is the translation:

3. Don't think that by attempting to lower the price, you will offend the seller in any way. In the trading process in the Indonesian market, there is nothing offensive about it unless you start saying something unpleasant directly. It's a traditional communication process. Moreover, the more inventive you are in negotiating, the more respect the seller will have for you.

4. During the negotiation, don't fall for attempts to make you nervous or rush you ("If you buy right now, I'll sell you these sandals for only 200,000 rupiahs!"). If someone tries to make you hurry and panic, they are taking control of the situation. Stay calm and composed.

5. If you have good friends living in Bali, take the time to ask them before going to the market how much the item you plan to buy typically costs.

6. In Indonesia, the "walk away" technique works well. Upon hearing the price, you "walk away." Often in this case, the seller will suggest that you name your own price. This "walk away" technique also works well when the seller is stubborn about not lowering the price, but you feel that it can still be reduced. An alternative to the "walk away" technique can be the "oh, I'll check a couple more stores and then come back to you" approach.

7. If you are asked to name "your price," you can try dividing the initially quoted price by 5-6 and see the seller's reaction. Very often, this turns out to be the price at which you can buy the item. If you are buying something not in Bali and not in a market specifically geared towards tourists, there's a chance you'll be quoted a price that is 10-20% higher than the actual one.

8. In Indonesia, there are shops with fixed prices. "Harga pas" translates officially as a fixed price. However, when bargaining in the market, Indonesians also mention "harga pas," meaning the real, fair, and appropriate price.

9. If you speak Indonesian reasonably well, there's a chance the seller will understand that you've been in Indonesia for more than just a day, and inflating the price for you tenfold is somehow not right.

10. When buying goods at the market, make sure that the items placed in the bag are indeed what you paid for. Stationary shops are less likely to make mistakes than sellers who trade on the go, but it's still worth staying vigilant.

11. Do not hope that if a product purchased on the market is torn the next day or breaks, you are guaranteed to be replaced with a similar one or your money will be returned.

baju - a general name for items of clothing from the neck to the waist, often translated as shirt

baju hangat - (shirt, warm) sweater

baju olahraga - (shirt, sport) sports T-shirt

beha (BH - bustholder) - bra

blus - blouse

celana - trousers

celana dalam - (pants, inside) briefs

celana pendek - (pants, short) shorts

gaun - dress

jaket - jacket, jacket

jas - jacket

jas hujan - (jacket, rain) raincoat

jeans - jeans

kaos - T-shirt

kaos kaki - socks

kaos tangan - gloves

kemeja - shirt

ketat - tights

legin - leggings (but read as "legin")

mantel - coat

pakaian - clothing (pakai - to use, put on)

pakaian dalam - (clothing, inside) underwear

pakaian renang - (clothes, swim) swimsuit

piyama - pajamas

rock - skirt

rompi - vest

sandal - sandals

sandal jepit - flip flops

sarung - sarong

sarung pantai - (sarong, beach) pareo

sepatu - shoes

sepatu tinggi - (shoes, high) boots

singlet - T-shirt

topi - hat, cap

kancing - button

kantong - pocket below the waist

kerah - collar

lengan baju - sleeve

lubang kancing - (hole, button) button loop

risleting - lightning

saku - pocket above the waist

sambungan - seam

tali sepatu - lace

tapak sepatu - sole of a shoe, sandal

jepit - membrane on flip flops

anting-anting - dangling earrings

cincin - ring

dasi - tie

dasi kupu-kupu - bow tie

gelang - bracelet

ikat pinggang - (rope, waist) belt

giwang - stud earrings

kacamata - (glass, eye) glasses

kacamata gelap - sun glasses

kalung - beads, necklace

kipas - fan

sarung tangan - (sarong, hand) gloves

selendang - long scarf

syal - shawl

tas - bag

tas punggung - (bag, back) backpack

bahan - material

kain sintetis - synthetic fabric

kapas, katun - cotton

katun halus - (cotton, fine) flannel

sutera - silk

wol - wool

abu-abu - gray

beraneka warna - multicolor

berwarna - painted, having a certain color

biru - blue

coklat - brown

hijau - green

hitam - black

kuning - yellow

luntur - dull, discolored

marun - burgundy

merah - red

merah jambu - (red, guava) pink

muda - light

pastel - pastel

putih - white

sawo matang - (savo, mature) light brown

tua - dark

ungu - purple, violet, lilac

warna - color, shade

To denote a light color, such as light red, in the Indonesian language, the adjective "muda" (young) is added to it. Merah muda – light red or pink. The adjective "muda" is usually used for animate nouns. For inanimate ones – baru (new).

To denote a dark color, such as dark red, in the Indonesian language, the adjective "tua" (old) is added to it. Merah tua – dark red or burgundy. The adjective "tua" is usually used for animate nouns. For inanimate ones – lama (old).

The same applies (muda, tua) to all other colors, except for white and black.

asli - original

beda (berbeda) - different

khusus - special

kecil - small

besar - big

murah - cheap

mahal - expensive

nyaman - comfortable

unik - unique, exceptional

biasa - standard, normal

sederhana - simple, uncomplicated

cocok - suitable, matching (in style, cut, color)

pas - fitting, appropriate (in size)

bagus - good, excellent; used for objects, not for people; often translated into Russian as "здорово, замечательно, велико-лепно."

baik - good; not used for objects, used for people

indah - beautiful, attractive, precious; used for objects, not for people

cantik - beautiful, cute, pretty; used for objects, for clothing – for women's clothing, for people – for women

modis - stylish, fashionable; used for women's clothing, for people – for women

ganteng - handsome; used for men

keren - impressive, beautiful, stylish; used for objects, for clothing – for men's clothing, for people – for men

1. To emphasize the equality of objects, add the prefix se- to the adjective.

Se-adjective

Semahal – just as expensive

Sekecil – just as small

Sepanjang – just as long

Kalung ini semahal gelang itu – this necklace is as expensive as this bracelet.

2. To emphasize equality, you can use the following construction:

"Sama + adjective-nya + dengan"

"Sama" - 1) same, equal; 2) together, with; 3) and

"Dengan" - 1) together, with; 2) by means of, with the help of

"Sama mahalnya dengan" - as expensive as

"Sama kecilnya dengan" - as small as

"Sama panjangnya dengan" - as long as

"Kalung ini sama mahalnya dengan kalung itu" - This necklace is as expensive as that necklace.

Comparative degree (more)

1. When comparing something, add "lebih" to the adjective if the quality is expressed more.

"Lebih + adjective + daripada" or "Lebih + adjective + dari"

"Lebih mahal" – more expensive

"Lebih murah" – cheaper

To add the object of comparison, use "daripada."

"Celana panjang lebih mahal daripada celana pendek" – Long pants are more expensive than shorts.

2. You can also use the design:

"Lebih + adjective-nya + dengan."

"Warna gaun ini lebih cantiknya dengan warna gaun itu" – The color of this dress is more beautiful than the color of that dress.

3. For specifying a higher degree of quality, you can use the word "jauh" (far, much, significantly) before "lebih."

"Jauh lebih + adjective + daripada" or "Jauh lebih + adjective + dari."

"Sepatu ini jauh lebih mahal daripada sepatu itu" – These shoes are much more expensive than those shoes.

Comparative degree (less)

1. Add kurang to the adjective if the quality is less pronounced.

Kurang + adjective + daripada

or

Kurang + adjective + dari

Kemeja ini kurang bagus daripada kemeja itu – This shirt is not as good as that one.

2. You can also use the design:

Kurang + adjective-nya + dengan.

Celana ini kurang panjangnya dengan celana itu – these trousers are less long than those.

Superlative (most)

1. To form superlatives, add paling to the adjective.

Paling + adjective

Paling bagus – the best

Paling mahal - the most expensive

Paling besar - the largest

2. Another way to form superlatives is by adding the prefix ter-.

Ter-adjective

Terbagus – the best

Termahal - the most expensive

Terbesar – the largest

Too much

1. Terlalu

Terlalu + adjective

Terlalu mahal - too expensive

Terlalu murah – too cheap

For price, the adjectives “expensive” and “cheap” are used, rather than “low” and “high” as in Russian.

Harga terlalu mahal - the price is too high

Harga terlalu murah – the price is too low

2. You can also use the following construction to express “too”:

Ke-adjective–an.

Kekecilan – too small

Kebesaran – too big

Kemahalan - too expensive

Kependekan – too short

Kepanjangan – too long

Sandal ini terlalu kecil untuk saya – these sandals are too small for me.

Sandal ini kekecilan untuk saya – these sandals are too small for me.

Verbs

beli (membeli) - buy

buat (membuat) - to do, make

buka (membuka) - open, take off (about clothes)

coba (mencoba) - try, try on

ganti (mengganti) - change

habis (menghabiskan) - ended

kurang (mengurangi) - reduce (price)

pakai (memakai) - to use, wear (about clothes)

pikir (berpikir) - think, consider (that)

pilih (memilih) - choose

rugi (merugi) - lose income

tawar, tawar-menawar - bargain

terbuat dari - made from

Apakah ada model sama pakai kancing terbuat dari mutiara? – Is there a similar model with mother-of-pearl buttons?

Although you can say it more briefly and they will understand you too:

Ada model sama pakai kancing mutiara?

Other words

atau - Or

Sebentar - "Wait a minute!" also "later that day"

tapi (tetapi) - but

tentang - about

pintar - smart, knowledgeable

tinggal - to remain, to abide, to be, to live

turis - tourist

kamar pas - fitting room

langganan - client

ukuran - size

kembali - back, again

nanti - later, later

orang - person

pintar Bahasa Indonesia - (smart, language, Indonesian) speak Indonesian, speak Indonesian

pertama - first

With the help of the word orang “person”, compound nouns are formed, meaning

1. nationality (orang Indonesia “Indonesian”)

2. nationality (orang Jawa “Javanese”, orang Sunda “Sundanese”)

3. names of residents of a locality or settlement (orang Jakarta “native, resident of Jakarta”)

What to do if you have found what seems to be a good option for renting a house, but the owner doesn't speak English or speaks it very poorly? How do you inquire about the house? How do you ask all the questions that interest you?

Let's not hesitate as usual and take Indonesian seriously in this lesson.

In this lesson, we will cover all types of questions using the example of the topic related to the house and situations associated with it. Vocabulary on the topic of "house" and a dialogue about Ivan, who will be renting the house, will be discussed in the next lesson. By the way, the name Ivan is quite common in Java.

The order of words in a question, as a rule, is the same as in a regular narrative one. There is no changing the places of words in a sentence in the case of an interrogative sentence, as in English.

Theoretically, you can change the order of words in a sentence, but at first it is better not to do this. Because

Kucing makan – cat eats

Makan kucing – eat a cat

A general question is asked with the aim of confirming or refuting the information it contains. It requires an answer that includes "yes" or "no." Therefore, such a question is sometimes called a "yes-no question."

Sometimes the answer may not be strictly "yes" (ya) or "no" (tidak, bukan).

Possible options include:

- maybe (mungkin),

- sometimes (kadang-kadang),

- correct (betul),

- already (sudah),

- not yet (belum),

- allowed (boleh),

- not allowed (tidak boleh), and so on.

Not always does a question contain an interrogative word. If it is omitted, the question is indicated by intonation.

–kah highlights the word that requires confirmation or denial.

Word order:

A word with –kah always occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence.

Examples:

- Garasikah ini? – Is this a garage?

- Ya, ini garasi. - Yes, this is a garage.

- Inikah garasi? - Is this a garage?

- Ya, ini garasi. - Yes, this is a garage.

Construction:

Apakah…?

Apa (what) + -kah (question particle) = interrogative word apakah

Word order:

Like in a regular declarative sentence, but apakah always comes at the beginning. If apa or apakah is omitted, then the order is like in a regular interrogative sentence.

Examples:

- Apakah ini kamar mandi? – Is this the bathroom?

- Apakah rumah itu besar? – Is that house big?

Sometimes in colloquial speech, only apa is used instead of apakah. Normally, apa is translated as "what." However, in this general question, it is not translated and simply serves the function of creating a question. For convenience, it can be understood that apakah is translated as "whether" or "is it true that."

Examples:

- Apa itu kamar tidur? – Is that a bedroom?

- Apa ini kulkas? – Is this a refrigerator?

Sometimes in colloquial speech both apakah and even apa are missed and the question is constructed only with the help of intonation.

Example:

Di kamar ini ada jendela? – Is there a window in this room?

Itu kamar tidur? - Is there a bedroom?

Construction:

Bisakah…?

Bolehkah…?

This type of question is formed using the verbs bisa (physically able, like the English "can") and boleh (having permission, like the English "may"). If the suffix -kah is omitted, the question is indicated by intonation and the word bisa (boleh).

Word order:

Bolehkah, bisakah, boleh, bisa – are placed at the beginning of the sentence. The rest of the words follow the order of a regular declarative sentence.

Examples:

- Bolehkah saya lihat? - May I see?

- Boleh saya lihat? - May I see?

- Bisakah saya lihat laut dari lantai kedua? – Can I see the ocean from the second floor?

- Bisa saya lihat laut dari lantai kedua? – Can I see the ocean from the second floor?

In an alternative question, two or more answer options are provided, and it is expected that the respondent will choose one of them, possibly adding some additional information. The signal word for such a question is atau (or).

If the interrogative word apakah is omitted, the question is indicated by intonation and the word atau.

Example:

- Apakah kamu suka kopi atau teh? – Do you like coffee or tea?

- Kamu suka kopi atau teh? – Do you like coffee or tea?

Construction:

Apakah... atau...?

atau – or

Word order:

Apakah comes at the beginning of the sentence. Atau separates the alternatives.

Examples:

- Apakah kolam renang itu besar atau kecil? – Is that swimming pool big or small?

- Kolam itu besar sekali. – The pool is very big.

- Apakah dia pemilik atau pengurus? – Is he the owner or the manager?

- Dia pengurus saja. – He's just the manager.

Construction:

Bagaimana… atau…?

...bagaimana…atau…?

Bagaimana – 1) how; 2) what kind of

Word order:

Bagaimana can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. Alternatives are separated by the particle atau.

Examples:

- Bagaimana tempat parkir itu, besar atau kecil? – How is that parking space, big or small?

- Meubel ini bagaimana, baru atau lama? – What kind of furniture is this, new or old?

In a question, a statement is first given, and then a question tail is added to negate the statement. Or an approval is given, and then a confirmation request is added.

There are words that signal such a question - atau tidak (atau bukan, atau belum) or ya.

If the question word apakah is omitted, then the sign of the question is the intonation and the phrase atau tidak (atau bukan, atau belum).

Design:

Apakah... atau tidak?

Apakah… atau bukan?

Apakah... atau belum?

If you miss one alternative to an alternative question, you can replace it with the negation atau tidak (atau bukan) in case it will be clear what exactly you missed.

Tidak is used when the question is put to an adjective or verb.

Bukan is used when a question is put to a noun.

Belum - not yet...

Word order:

Apakah is placed at the beginning of the sentence. Atau tidak (bukan, belum) is at the end of the sentence.

Examples:

- Apakah dia masak atau tidak? – Is he cooking or not?

- Apakah rumah itu besar atau tidak? – Is that house big or not?

- Apakah ini dapur atau bukan? – Is this the kitchen or not?

- Apakah rumah itu diperbaiki atau belum? – Has that house been repaired or not yet?

If apakah is omitted, the sentences will remain equally understandable:

- Dia masak atau tidak? – Is he cooking or not?

- Rumah itu besar atau tidak? – Is that house big or not?

- Ini dapur atau bukan? – Is this the kitchen or not?

- Rumah itu diperbaiki atau belum? – Has that house been repaired or not yet?

In such a question, if you omit everything possible, including the interrogative words Apakah and apa, and even atau, then in the "tail" you can only use bukan, regardless of what is being questioned:

- Dia masak bukan? – Is he cooking or not?

- Rumah itu besar bukan? – Is that house big or not?

- Ini dapur bukan? – Is this the kitchen or not?

- Rumah itu diperbaiki bukan? – Has that house been repaired or not yet?

Bukan can sometimes be shortened to kan. But as a rule, if the questioner definitely wants to receive an affirmative answer.

Design:

... kan?

...kan...?

Word order:

Kan is placed either at the end of a sentence or before the word that is being “questioned.”

Examples:

Rumah ini kecil kan? – This house is small, isn’t it?

Rumah ini kan kecil? - This house is small, isn't it?

Design:

..., ya?

Word order:

As in a regular declarative sentence. "Ya?" (“yes?”) is at the end of the sentence.

Example:

Rumah ini besar, ya? - This house is big, right?

The question is posed to one of the members of the proposal.

The question must contain a question word.

The answer to the question is not intended to be “yes” or “no.”

Design:

Apa...?

….apa?

Ara? (what?) used for objects and animals.

Word order:

Apa can appear at the beginning or end of a sentence.

Examples:

Apa ini? - What is this?

Ini apa? - What is this?

Apa ini yang ada di meja dapur? – What is that on the kitchen table?

Apa alamatnya rumah? – What is the address of this house?

Design:

Siapa...?

…. siapa?

Siara? (who?) used for people.

Word order:

The word siapa can appear at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

Examples:

Siapa ini? - Who is this?

Ini siapa? - Who is this?

Siapa tinggal di rumah ini? - Who lives in this house?

Siapa membersihkan di rumah? – Who cleans the house?

Construction:

(noun) + siapa…?

…(noun) + siapa…?

…(noun) + siapa?

Siapa – who? whose? Siapa can be used to indicate ownership of an object if the word follows the noun.

Word order:

(noun) + siapa can be placed in different parts of the sentence, as long as they are together. This is because siapa after the noun becomes its modifier.

Examples:

- Ini mobil siapa? – Whose car is this?

- Ini mobil siapa yang diparkir di dekat kolam renang? - Whose car is parked near the swimming pool?

- Mobil siapa diparkir di dekat kolam renang? - Whose car is parked near the swimming pool?

If you mix up the word order, you might ask the wrong question. For example:

- Siapa ibu itu? – Who is that lady?

- Itu ibu siapa? – Whose mother is that?

Design:

Di mana...?

...di mana?

Word order:

Di mana can appear at the beginning or at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Examples:

Di mana bapak tinggal? -Where does the gentleman live?

Bapak tinggal di mana? -Where does the gentleman live?

Design:

Ke mana...?

...ke mana?

Word order:

Ke mana can appear at the beginning or at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Examples:

Dia pergi ke mana? -Where is he going?

Ke mana dia pergi? -Where is he going?

Design:

Dari mana...?

... dari mana?

Word order:

Dari mana can be at the beginning or at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Examples:

Dari mana anda pulang? -Where are you returning from?

Anda pulang dari mana? -Where are you returning from?

Design:

Berapa...?

... berapa?

Word order:

Berapa can appear at the beginning or end of an interrogative sentence.

Berapa is often used before nouns containing in their meaning the components “cost, weight, size, quantity in pieces” (harga, ongkos, meter, buah, kilo, liter, tahun, bulan, jam, menit, detik, orang etc).

Harga – price (price of a material item)

Ongkos – price (amount of payment for the service)

Buah – thing (fruit)

Tahun – year

Bulan - month

Jam - hour

Menit - minute

Detik - second

Orang - man

Examples:

Berapa ongkos perbulan? – What is the cost per month?

Berapa meter tinggi rumah ini? - How many meters is the height of this house?

Berapa liter isinya botol ini? - How many liters are in this bottle?

Berapa harga kulkas ini? – How much does this refrigerator cost?

How much does it weigh...? Berapa berat...?

berat - heavy

Example:

Berapa berat mesin cuci ini? – How much does this washing machine weigh?

What is the magnitude of...? Berapa besar...?

Often used in questions about the amount of money

besar – big

Example:

Berapa besar gaji dia? - What is her salary?

What is the quantity...? Berapa jumlah...?

On the question of the number of specific individuals united on any basis of social or professional affiliation

jumlah - amount, quantity

Examples:

- Berapa jumlah orang di rumahnya? – What is the number of people in this house?

- Berapa jauh sampai kota? - How far is it to the city?

- Berapa jam saya perlu untuk isi kolam renang ini? – How many hours do I need to fill this swimming pool?

ATTENTION:

- Jam berapa…? – What time is it? (At what time...?)

- … jam berapa? – At what time...?

Examples:

- Jam berapa saya bisa tiba di rumah? – What time can I arrive at the house?

- Ibu selesai bersih rumahnya jam berapa? – What time will madam finish cleaning the house?

- Berapa lama…? – How long ago...?

- Berapa lama anda tinggal di sini? - How long have you been living here?

In questions with berapa in combination with the words mentioned above, the construction ... berapa (harga, ongkos, meter, liter, berat, besar, jumlah, jauh, lama)-nya? can be used.

Examples:

- Buku itu berapa harganya? - How much does this book cost?

- Orang di rumah kamu berapa jumlahnya? - How many people are there in your house?

Design:

…yang keberapa…?

... yang keberapa?

Word order:

Yang keberapa is placed after the noun it refers to.

Rumah ibu di jalan itu yang keberapa? – What is the name of the lady’s house on that street?

Design:

Kapan...?

Word order:

Kapan is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Examples:

Kapan saya bisa lihat rumah ini? – When can I see this house?

Kapan saya bisa mulai sewa rumah ini? – When can I start renting this house?

The words bila, apabila, bilamana are also used instead of kapan, but much less frequently.

Design:

Bagaimana...?

Gimana...?

Bagaimana is used in formal speech. Gimana - colloquial.

Word order:

Bagaimana (gimana) is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Example:

Bagaimana saya bisa bayar listrik? – How can I pay for electricity?

Design:

Mengapa...?

Kenapa...?

Mengapa is more often used in formal speech. Kenapa - colloquially.

Word order:

Mengapa (kenapa) is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Examples:

Kenapa saya tidak bisa pakai kolam renang ini? – Why can’t I use this pool?

Kenapa kamar ini ditutup? – Why is this room closed?

Design:

Buat apa...?

…buat apa?

Buat – 1) to do, create 2) for 3) in order to

Membuat - 1) to do, create

Word order:

Buat apa can be placed either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

Examples:

Buat apa ada begitu banyak kucing di rumah? – Why are there so many cats in the house?

Buat apa ada kulkas di kamar tidur? – Why is there a refrigerator in the bedroom?

Design:

(noun) + apa...?

... (noun) + apa?

In certain cases, apa is translated not as we already discussed at the very beginning of the lesson (what?), but as “which, which, which, which; what the” if it follows a noun.

Word order:

(noun) + apa can be located either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

Examples:

- Ini kamar apa? -What kind of room is this?

or

- Kamar apa ini? - What is the room?

- Ini kamar dapur – This is the kitchen.

Design:

…(noun)… bagaimana?

Bagaimana (noun)…?

Bagaimana is sometimes used to ask about the quality of something or the subjective assessment of something. In this case, you can translate it as “what, what or what” or “how do you like...?” In case of such a question, bagaimana can also be shortened to colloquial gimana.

Word order:

Bagaimana is placed both before and after the object about which the question is asked.

Examples:

- Bagaimana meja ini? -What is this table like?

or

- Meja ini bagaimana? -What is this table like?

- Meja ini bagus. - This table is good.

Construction:

(noun) yang mana…?

… (noun) yang mana…?

Word order:

Yang mana should come after the noun it refers to, meaning after the modified word.

Examples:

- Rumah yang mana lebih bagus? – Which house is better?

- Kamar yang mana paling besar di rumah itu? – Which room is the biggest in that house?

In spoken language, the word yang is often omitted in this type of question.

Regarding the use of interrogative words in special questions, if you add saja (only) to any of them, the resulting phrase will acquire a new meaning.

- Apa saja – anything

- Siapa saja – anyone

- Di mana saja – anywhere

- Ke mana saja – anywhere

- Dari mana saja – from anywhere

- Berapa saja – any amount

- Keberapa saja – any (ordinal) number

- Kapan saja – anytime

- Bagaimana saja – anyhow

- Kenapa saja – for any reason

- Bua tapa saja – for any purpose

- Yang mana saja – any (of the) which

Which construction to choose if a question can be asked in different ways?

If you are a beginner – use the simplest one for yourself. The one you can remember without looking at a cheat sheet. If you forget interrogative words in general alternative or interrogative questions – omit them initially and ask the question using intonation.

But once you feel confident – elevate the level of your proficiency, incorporating more complex constructions. You will definitely succeed!

As promised in the previous lesson, we are now learning vocabulary on the topic “house” and reading a dialogue about Ivan, who rents a house from a Balinese aunt.

balai - hall

balcon - balcony

bangunan - building

beranda - veranda

dapur - kitchen

garasi - garage

gedung - building

gedung bertingkat - multi-storey building

gudang - storage

kamar - room

kamar anak - children's room

kamar kecil - toilet

kamar kerja - office

kamar makan - dining room

kamar mandi - bathroom

kamar tamu - living room

kamar tidur - bedroom

kamar umum - common room

kotak surat - mailbox

lift - elevator

loteng - attic

pintu belakang - back door

ruang - space, room

rumah - house

kamar - room

daerah - districts, area

atap - roof

gerbang - gate

halaman - yard

kebun - garden

kebun buah-buahan - orchard

kolam renang - swimming pool

lapangan - field

lapangan golf - golf course

pagar - fence

petak bunga - flower bed

rumput - grass

pohon - tree, bush

ambang (bendul pintu) - threshold

pinggir jendela - window sill

daun jendela - (leaf, window) window sash

daun pintu - (leaf, door) door

dinding - wall

gagang pintu - door handle

jendela - window opening, window

kaca - glass

kenop panggilan - call button

kunci - key

langit-langit - ceiling

lantai - floor, floor

lukisan - painting, picture

pintu - doorway, entrance

keramik - ceramics, ceramic tiles

wastafel - sink

bangku - bench

cermin - mirror

gantungan dinding - wall hanger

gantungan pakaian - clothes hanger

kap lampu - lampshade

kasur - mattress

kasur udara - air mattress

kursi - chair

kursi bertangan - armchair

kursi goyang - rocking chair

kursi lipat - folding chair

lampu gantung - chandelier

lemari - closet

lemari buku - bookcase

lemari pakaian - wardrobe

meja - table

meubel - furniture

pengering pakaian (rak gantungan) - clothes dryer

peti besar - chest

rak - shelf

rak buku - bookshelf

sofa - sofa

tempat sampah - trash can

tempat tidur - bed

asbak - ashtray

baki - tray

baskom - basin

botol - bottle

cangkir - mug

corong - funnel

ember - bucket

garpu - fork

gelas - glass

guci - jar

kendi - jug

keranjang - basket

ketel - teapot

kotak - box

kotrek - corkscrew

lepek - gravy boat

mangkok - bowl

mengukur kendi - measuring cup

panci - pan

parutan - grater

pecah-belah - dishes

pembuka - bottle opener

penggorengan, bajan, wajan - frying pan

piring - plate

piring kecil - saucer

piring soup - deep plate

pisau - knife

saringan - sieve

sendok - spoon

talenan - cutting board

teko - teapot for tea leaves

teko kopi - coffee pot

timbangan - scales

vas - vase

bantal - pillow

bantal guling - bolster pillow

cadar - bedspread

gorden, tirai - curtain

handuk - towel

karpet - carpet

kasur - mattress

kasur pegas - spring mattress

keset - rug

mantel mandi - bathrobe

sarung bantal - pillowcase

selimut - blanket

seperei dan sarung bantal - bed linen

seprei - sheet

taplak meja - tablecloth

(lampu) senter - flashlight

AC (ase) - air conditioner

audio - audio system

blender - blender

bola lampu - light bulb

dispenser air - water dispenser

kipas angin - fan

kipas angin dinding - wall fan

kompor - stove

kompor gas - gas stove

kompor listrik - electric stove

konsol - remote control

crane - tap

kulkas, lemari es - refrigerator

lampu - lamp

lampu berdiri - floor lamp

lemari pembeku, freezer - freezer

mesin cuci - washing machine

mesin cuci dan pengering laundry - washing machine with dryer

mesin jahit - sewing machine

mesin pembuat kopi - coffee maker

mesin pencuci piring - dishwasher

mesin penggiling kopi - coffee grinder

microwave - microwave oven

oven elektrik - electric oven

pemanas air - water heater

pemanggang roti - toaster

pendingin udara - air cooler

pengekstrak jus - juicer

pengering rambut, hair dryer - hair dryer

penggiling daging - meat grinder

penyedot debu, pengisap debu - vacuum cleaner

peralatan rumah, alat rumah tangga - household appliances

pompa galon - water bottle pump

rice cooker - rice cooker

setrika - iron

sistem stereo - stereo system

televisi - television

timbangan badan - floor scales for the body

ventilasi - ventilation

video - video player

In the case of household appliances, many of the names of its types are taken directly from the English language. Moreover, they are written the same way as in English.

di belakang - for

di depan - before

di sebelah kiri - left

di sebelah kanan - on the right

di antara - between

di tengah - in the middle between

di atas - above, from above

di bawah - under, below

di - on, in

di dalam, di - inside

di luar - outside

di dekat - near

di samping - about, next to

pada - on, at

di belakang - for

di depan - before

di sebelah kiri - left

di sebelah kanan - on the right

di antara - between

di tengah - in the middle between

di atas - above, from above

di bawah - under, below

di - on, in

di dalam, di - inside

di luar - outside

di dekat - near

di samping - about, next to

pada - on, at

pulang - to return home

tutup (menutup) - close

buka (membuka) - open

tinggal - to live, to reside

naik (menaiki) - to rise

turun (menurun) - go down

cat (mencat) - to paint

sewa (menyewa) - rent

sewakan (menyewakan) - to rent

periksa (memeriksa) - check

masuk (memasuki) - to enter

keluar (mengeluarkan) - to go out

meneken perjanjian, meneken kontrak - sign an agreement

membatalkan perjanjian, membatalkan kontrak - terminate the contract

penyewa - tenant

tetangga - neighbor

penduduk - resident, lodger

pengurus - manager

tukang kebun - gardener

penjaga - watchman

penjaga malam - night watchman

juru masak, koki - cook

pengasuh - nanny

tukang pembersih - cleaning lady

pemilik - owner

supir, pengemudi - driver

tamu - guest

pembantu - domestic servant

luas - spacious

sempit - cramped

pengap - stuffy

bercat - painted

baru - new

lama - old

tinggi - tall

rendah - low

rusak - broken (technique)

patah - broken (in case of cracks or breaks)

pecah - broken into pieces (mirror, glass, tire)

baik, yang keadaannya baik - serviceable

ramai - noisy, crowded

berguna - useful

nyaman - comfortable

fasilitas - amenities

gunting - scissors

kunci - key

palu - hammer

pita pengukur, pita ukur - roulette

sampah - garbage

sekotak korek api - box of matches

korek api - matches

sistem alarm - alarm

tisu toilet - toilet paper

kontrak, perjanjian - agreement

semut - ant

lalat - fly

nyamuk - mosquito

tikus besar - rat

tikus - mouse

cicak - house wall lizard

kadal - floor lizard

ular - snake

anjing - dog

kucing - cat

jamur - fungus

retak - crack

noda - spot

bocor - leak

Homework:

If you have any Indonesians living nearby who own or rent a house, try to interview them about their home. Aim to ask at least ten questions. If you have a voice recorder on your phone, try to record this dialogue and later transcribe it onto paper or into a computer file.

Don't worry about memorizing. Just try to repeat this procedure if you have the time and desire. If during the conversation, you feel that you didn't know the translation of a certain word, consult a dictionary and try to learn it.

All materials have been tested on live Indonesians. No native speakers were harmed in the preparation of this lesson.

In this lesson, you will learn what "cat rice" is and what it is made of, as well as which Indonesian dish was named the most delicious in the world according to CNN.

Finally, after several hungry lessons following a class dedicated to buying juice, we return to a topic that is close to everyone's stomach. This lesson will help you not get lost if you decide to go to a dining establishment in Indonesia where the staff doesn't speak English. I won't dissuade you. Probably because after India, any restaurants, snack bars, Padang cuisine, and warungs don't seem so intimidating anymore.

I want to warn especially enthusiastic lovers of culinary extremes:

1) Approach the "spicy" characteristic of dishes with understanding, especially if you are eating something in Bali or Manado. The residents of these places are the most fervent consumers of hellishly spicy food.

2) If you happen to indulge in spicy food, drink as much water as possible to extinguish the fire in your stomach. If you don't drink enough, stomach upset is guaranteed.

3) Choose local establishments with many customers. Most likely, these people have been there more than once and have not suffered any poisoning there.

4) If you want to take a risk and eat at a street-side establishment without its own premises, at least out of curiosity, inquire about the conditions under which the dishes are washed there. Perhaps after that, you might reconsider.

5) Don’t get carried away with a lot of local food in inexpensive establishments in principle, because the food contains a lot of oil and the cooking utensils are very rarely washed. Take care of yourself.

Typical Indonesian dining establishments.

- kafe - cafe

- kaki lima (literally "five legs") - a mobile two-wheeled cart with a small table, from which the owner sells street food

- restoran - restaurant

- rumah makan (literally "eating house") - restaurant

- warkop (warung kopi) - cafe (abbreviation)

- warung - small shop, stall, snack bar

- warung makan (literally "eating stall") - snack bar

- warung tenda (literally "tent stall") - a snack bar without a permanent building, organized on the street by covering the space with banners.

List of tableware you might encounter, some of which have already been covered in the lesson about the home. I'll repeat those, and also include containers whose names might be useful in a restaurant.

- asbak - ashtray

- baki - tray

- botol - bottle

- bungkus - packet, wrap

- cangkir - cup

- garpu - fork

- gelas - glass

- kendi - jug

- kotak - box

- lepek - sauce dish

- mangkuk - bowl

- piring - plate

- piring kecil - small plate

- piring sup - soup plate

- pisau - knife

- sendok - spoon

- teko - teapot

- teko kopi - coffee pot

In the lesson on buying vegetables, we already discussed the counting words for items used when there is more than one. For dishes in a restaurant, counting words are also used, and this time we learned more of them.

If you are ordering soup, it is more accurate to say:

- Satu piring sop or sepiring sop

In the case of juice:

- Satu gelas jus or segelas sop

Don't worry if you don't memorize all the counting words at once or forget them at the right moment. In such cases, you can replace the counting word with a more universal one – porsi (portion).

Or another option that is used colloquially when ordering dishes:

Nasi goreng - satu – one fried rice

Cap cai - dua – two chapchais

Es teh manis – tiga – three sweet iced teas

asam - sour

asin - salty

basah - wet, moist

dingin - cold

enak - tasty, pleasant

gurih - savory

garing - dry, dehydrated, crispy

hangat - warm

haus - thirsty; saya (aku) haus - I am thirsty

kelat - astringent (taste)

kenyang - full (satisfied after eating)

keras - hard

kering - dry, crunchy

lapar - hungry

lemak (berlemak) - fatty

lembek, lembut, empuk - soft

lezat - delicious

manis - sweet

mantap - tasty - colloquial term

berminyak - oily; minyak – oil

matang - ripe; terlalu matang - overripe

pahit - bitter

panas - hot

pedas - spicy

sedap - delicious

segar - fresh

sepat - tangy

siap, sedia - ready

tawar - bland

kental - thick

encer - liquid

api - fire

asap (mengasap) - to smoke

bakar (membakar) - to grill, barbecue

bakar di bambu (membakar di bambu) - to roast in bamboo

goreng (menggoreng) - to fry with a significant amount of oil

kayu bakar - firewood

kukus (mengukus) - to steam

opor - a dish cooked in coconut milk, a method of cooking in coconut milk

oven (mengoven) - to bake in the oven

panggang (memanggang) - to grill, barbecue, but with a greater distance from the fire than with bakar

pepes - a method of cooking food in a banana leaf

rebus (merebus) - boiled

tumis (menumis) - to stir-fry with a small amount of oil

uap - steam

I have emphasized in previous lessons that word order is important in the Indonesian language, with the object preceding its modifier. However, when it comes to cooking methods, this rule needs to be examined more closely.

Fried chicken – object (chicken "ayam") + modifier (fried "goreng") = ayam goreng

Grilled duck – object (duck "bebek") + modifier (grilled "bakar") = bebek bakar

Boiled noodles – object (noodles "mie") + modifier (boiled "rebus") = mie rebus

However, a completely different situation arises when we consider cooking methods like "opor" or "pepes." In this case, they function as the name of the dish. The ingredients used in these dishes become their modifiers.

Chicken Opor - object (Opor "opor") + modifier (chicken "ayam") = opor ayam

Tofu Pepes - object (Pepes "pepes") + modifier (made from tofu "tahu") = pepes tahu

How to learn it? Don't memorize it, just use these words more often, and the memorization will come naturally.

This time, alongside the spices we learned in the market shopping lesson, let's add ready-made seasonings and sauces that you might encounter in a restaurant.

- asam Jawa (tamarind) - tamarind

- batang jahe - fresh ginger root

- batang kunyit - fresh turmeric root

- bawang merah - shallots

- bawang putih - garlic

- bawang Bombay - onion

- bubuk - powder, ground

- bumbu - spice, seasoning

- bumbu basah - fresh seasoning ("wet seasoning")

- bumbu kering - dried seasoning ("dry seasoning")

- bumbu masak - cooking seasoning

- bumbu segar - fresh seasoning ("fresh seasoning")

- cabe - chili pepper, small and very spicy

- cengkeh - clove

- daun jeruk - lime leaf

- daun pandan - pandan leaf

- daun bawang - green onion

- halus - finely ground, noble, soft, sensitive, delicate

- jahe - ginger

- jahe bubuk - ground ginger

- kari - curry

- kasar - coarsely ground, coarse

- kayu manis - cinnamon

- kecap - soy sauce, tomato sauce

- kecap asin - salty soy sauce

- kecap manis - sweet soy sauce

- kemangi - basil

- kemiri - candlenut

- ketumbar - coriander

- kunyit - turmeric

- kunyit bubuk - ground turmeric

- lada - pepper

- lada hitam - black pepper

- lada merah - cayenne pepper

- laos - galangal

- merica - pepper

- pala - nutmeg

- sambal - spicy chili sauce

- saos, saus - sauce

- saos kacang - peanut sauce

- saus - sauce

- saus cabai - chili sauce

- saus ikan - fish sauce, fermented fish sauce

- saus tomat - tomato sauce

- sere, sereh - lemongrass

- tauco, taucu - fermented yellow soybean sauce

- terasi - shrimp paste

- vetsin - monosodium glutamate

acar - pickles, pickled cucumbers

adonan - dough

cuka - vinegar

gandum - wheat

garam - salt

jamur - mushrooms

keju - cheese

makanan kaleng - canned food

margarin - margarine

mentega - butter

minyak - vegetable liquid oil

minyak goreng - cooking oil

minyak kelapa - coconut oil from coconut meat

minyak sawit - palm oil from industrial palm seeds

santan, santan kelapa - coconut milk

telur - egg

tepung - flour

tepung beras - rice flour

tepung terigu - wheat flour

terigu - wheat

zaitun - olives

minyak zaitun - olive oil

Vegetarians, please skip this list. Here are innocent animals commonly consumed in Indonesia:

- anjing - dog

- ayam - chicken

- ayam goreng - fried chicken

- babi - pig

- bebek - duck

- buaya - crocodile

- daging - meat

- daging anjing (RW) - dog meat; the abbreviation RW (rukun warga) is used in the name of dog meat to avoid offending the religious sentiments of Muslims

- daging ayam - chicken meat

- daging babi - pork

- daging kambing - goat meat

- daging kerbau - buffalo meat

- daging sapi - beef

- ikan - fish

- ikan cakalang - skipjack tuna

- ikan hiu - shark

- ikan kakap - snapper

- ikan laut - sea fish

- ikan mas - (fish, gold) carp

- ikan pari - stingray

- ikan paus - whale

- ikan tenggiri - mackerel

- ikan terbang - flying fish

- ikan tuna - tuna

- kambing - goat

- kelelawar - bat

- kelinci - rabbit

- kepiting - crab

- kerbau - buffalo

- kodok - frog

- lele - catfish

- penyu - sea turtle

- tikus - mouse (usually field mice are cooked)

- tiram - oyster

- udang - shrimp

- ular - snake

And finally, what everyone usually looks forward to. I recommend reading this list on a full stomach. Of course, not all the food served in Indonesia is included, but listing everything is probably only possible in a cookbook. The list is non-vegetarian. I apologize.

- asinan Betawi - pickled Betawi vegetables; typically served with spicy peanut sauce, vinegar, sprinkled with peanuts, and krupuk; Betawi cuisine, Jakarta, Java

- asinan Bogor - pickled Bogor fruits; typically served with spicy peanut sauce, vinegar, sprinkled with peanuts, and krupuk; Bogor cuisine, Java

- ayam bakar - grilled chicken

- ayam betutu - spicy grilled chicken; Balinese cuisine

- ayam goreng - fried chicken

- ayam penyet - smashed fried chicken, usually served with sambal, fresh cucumber, fried tofu, and fried tempeh; East Javanese cuisine

- ayam pop - chicken first boiled, then fried; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- babi guling - (rolling pig) suckling pig on a spit; served as broth, meat, crispy skin, blood sausage, spiced meat mixture; Balinese cuisine

- bakmi (bakmi ayam) - wheat noodles, typically cooked with chicken and soy sauce; Chinese cuisine

- bakso (baso) - meatballs; often made from chicken or beef (less commonly fish or shrimp) with added tapioca flour; typically served with broth, vermicelli, tofu, pangsit, fried shallots, and celery

- bakso ayam - chicken meatballs

- bakso bakar - grilled meatballs, skewered like kebabs

- bakso bola tenis or bakso telur - tennis ball-sized meatballs with a chicken egg inside

- bakso gepeng - flat-shaped meatballs

- bakso ikan - fish meatballs

- bakso keju - meatballs with a cheese filling

- bakso kotak - square-shaped meatballs

- bakso Malang - meatballs from Malang (East Java); served with noodles, tofu, siomai (see siomai)

- bakso udang - shrimp meatballs

- bakso urat - meatballs with tendons and tough meat

- baluik goreng - crispy fried eel; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- batagor (bakso, tahu, goreng) - fried fish dumplings (siomai); served with cabbage, potatoes, bitter melon slices, tofu, lime wedge, and peanut sauce or sweet soy sauce; Sundanese cuisine

- bebek betutu - spicy grilled duck; Balinese cuisine

- betutu - spicy grilled or steamed meat; Balinese cuisine

- bihun goreng - fried thin rice vermicelli

- bubur - porridge; if the grain is not specified, it is often rice porridge

- bubur ayam - (porridge, chicken) rice porridge with chicken; served with fried shallots, peanuts, and kerupuk

- bubur kacang hijau - (porridge, bean (nut), green) mung bean porridge

- bubur ketan hitam (bubur pulut hitam, bubur injun) - black glutinous rice porridge; served with coconut milk and palm sugar

- burasa (buras) - rice cooked with coconut milk in a rectangular envelope made of banana leaves; used as a side dish; originates from the Bugis and Makassar cultures - South Sulawesi

- cakalang fufu - smoked striped tuna; usually served with rice, sambal, potato salad, and noodles; Manadonese cuisine, North Sulawesi

- cap cai - stir-fried vegetables - cauliflower, cabbage, napa cabbage, carrots, corn, leeks, garlic; can be vegetarian or include meat, fish, or seafood; Chinese cuisine, where it is known as zácài or cha̍p-chhài

- cah - stir-fried vegetables served with enough broth; can be prepared as a vegetarian dish or with meat or seafood broth

- cah kangkung - stir-fried water spinach, kangkung

- cah sawi putih - stir-fried Chinese cabbage

- coto (soto, sop, sup) - soup

- coto Makassar (coto Mangkasara) - soup from Makassar (South Sulawesi); prepared from beef often with the addition of offal - intestines, liver, lungs, heart, tripe, or cow's brain; Makassarese cuisine, South Sulawesi

- daun ubi tumbuk - cassava leaves (ubi) in coconut milk; origin - Padang, West Sumatra

- dendeng - thinly sliced crispy beef; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- fu yung hai (pu yung hai) - omelet; can be prepared with bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, onions, mushrooms, meat, or seafood; Chinese cuisine

- gado-gado (lotek) - vegetable salad with spicy peanut sauce; uses potatoes, beans, spinach, corn, sprouts, tofu, tempeh, cabbage; Sundanese cuisine

- gorengan - "fried snacks" fried bananas, corn and vegetable fritters (bakwan), tofu, tempeh, cassava, etc.; goreng (menggoreng) - to fry

- gudeg - Jogjakarta-style jackfruit stew with chicken, coconut milk, and egg

- gulai - stew

- gulai ati - stew made from cow's liver; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai ayam - chicken stew

- gulai cancang - stew with beef and cow's innards; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai gajeboh - stew made from beef fat; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai itik - (stew, duck) duck stew; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai kepala ikan kakap merah - (stew, head, fish, red snapper) stew made from the head of red snapper; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai otak - (stew, brain) stew made from cow's brain; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai sapi - beef stew

- gulai sumsum - beef bone marrow stew; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai tunjang - beef tendon stew; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- gulai usus - (stew, intestines) beef intestines stew, often filled with egg or tofu; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- hidangan - a variety of dishes, often in a hotel or restaurant setting

- ikan bakar - grilled fish

- ikan goreng - fried fish

- kapurung - fish or chicken soup with sago flour dumplings; Luwu cuisine, South Sulawesi

- kepiting saus tiram - (crab, oyster sauce) crab in oyster sauce; Chinese cuisine

- keripik - small snacks

- kerupuk (krupuk, keropok, kroepoek) - fried crisps made from starch, snacks

- kerupuk ikan - fish crackers

- kerupuk jangek - beef skin crackers; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- kerupuk kulit - skin crackers

- kerupuk udang - shrimp crackers

- ketoprak - dish with tofu, vegetables, pressed rice, rice vermicelli under peanut sauce; Jakarta cuisine

- ketupat (kupat) - rice cooked inside a small woven palm leaf basket; used as a side dish; on Java, the woven basket of ketupat is associated with Muslim symbols and the tradition of Lebaran celebration; it is believed that the name kupat in Javanese is associated with ngaku lepat, meaning admitting mistakes and asking for forgiveness, which is traditional during Lebaran; it is also believed that the interwoven leaves symbolize human mistakes, and the white pure rice inside represents one's untarnished essence and liberation from sins

- krechek - beef skin cooked in coconut milk; Padang cuisine, West Sumatra

- kuah - sauce

- kwetiau - flat rice noodles

- kwetiau goreng - stir-fried flat rice noodles; usually prepared with garlic, onion, meat or seafood, peppers, Napa cabbage, cabbage, tomatoes, eggs, sweet soy sauce; Chinese cuisine

- laksa - spicy noodle soup; Malaysian cuisine, traditional in Bogor and Cibinong (West Java), Betawi (Jakarta), Palembang (South Sumatra), and Banjarmasin (South Kalimantan)

- lalapan - chicken or fish served with fresh cucumber and basil, a very common dish in tent-style warungs (warung tenda)

- lauk - side dish for rice

- lauk-pauk - various side dishes for rice

- lawar - a mix of finely chopped vegetables, grated coconut, meat, and spices; Balinese cuisine

- lawar babi - lawar with pork; Balinese cuisine

- lodeh - coconut milk soup with vegetables - young jackfruit, eggplants, long beans, chayote, tofu, tempeh, flavored with shallots, garlic, coriander, turmeric, shrimp paste; chicken may also be used; Javanese cuisine

- lontong - rice, cooked in a cylindrical shape in a banana leaf; used as a side dish

- lumpia - spring roll; filling can include bamboo shoots, chicken or shrimp, tofu, carrots, rice vermicelli; Chinese cuisine, also known as rùnbǐng, jūn-piáⁿ, lūn-piáⁿ

- makanan - food, cuisine (as a collection of dishes); makan (memakan) - to eat

- martabak (murtabak, mutabbaq) - stuffed pancake resembling an omelet; usually savory but can also be sweet, known as martabak manis; mutabaq or mutabbaq in Arabic means "folded"; Yemeni and Indian cuisine

- masakan - cuisine (as a collection of dishes), cooked food; masak (memasak) - to cook

- mie - noodles, wheat noodles, often referred to as "yellow noodles"

- mie ayam - noodles with chicken

- mie goreng - fried noodles

- mie rebus - boiled noodles

- nasgor (nasi goreng) - fried rice (abbreviation)

- nasi - cooked rice

- nasi ambeng (nasi ambang) - rice cooked with chicken curry or chicken in soy sauce, vegetables, fried noodles, salted fish; Javanese cuisine

- nasi bakar - rice cooked in a banana leaf on a grill

- nasi campur - (mixed rice) rice with various side dishes, sometimes called nasi rames; the base is white rice, and the additions include vegetables, meat, fish, seafood, tofu, tempeh, sauces

- nasi goreng - (fried rice) fried rice; prepared with sweet soy sauce, shallots, garlic, tamarind, chili; can be vegetarian or prepared with the addition of egg, chicken, shrimp, anchovies; each Indonesian province has its own variations of nasi goreng

- nasi goreng gila - (crazy fried rice) fried rice with a variety of meat toppings (chicken breast, chicken liver, bakso, sausages, mushrooms, shrimp, etc. – sometimes all together)

- nasi kebuli - spicy rice cooked in goat broth, milk, and ghee; believed to be derived from Kabul Palaw - a rice dish from Kabul; Betawi cuisine, Jakarta, Java

- nasi kucing (sego kucing) - (cat rice) consists of a small portion of rice with dried fish, tempeh, and sambal wrapped in a coconut leaf; no cat meat, just cat-sized; Jogjakarta, Semarang, Surakarta cuisine (Java)

- nasi kuning - (yellow rice) rice colored yellow with turmeric

- nasi lemak - (fatty rice) rice cooked in coconut milk with pandan leaves; acquired the name because it was initially prepared in very fatty cream; Malaysian cuisine

- nasi pecel - rice served with vegetables and spicy pecel peanut sauce; East Javanese cuisine

- nasi putih - (white rice) plain rice

- nasi tumpeng - (cone rice) cone-shaped rice, usually with turmeric, served during celebrations in Java, Bali, Madura; the cone is placed in the center of the dish and surrounded by vegetables and meat; symbolizes mountainous land rich in gifts, and the rice cone represents a mountain as a dwelling place for spirits and ancestors; Javanese, Balinese, Madurese cuisine

- nasi uduk - rice cooked in coconut milk with added cloves and lemongrass; a dish from Jakarta, usually served with additions of meat, fish, eggs, vegetables

- opor - a dish prepared in coconut milk, a method of cooking in coconut milk

- opor ayam - chicken in coconut milk with the addition of palm sugar, lemongrass, garlic, shallots, black pepper, coriander, and vegetable oil

- opor bebek - duck opor

- opor tahu - tofu opor

- opor telur - egg opor

- otak-otak - grilled fish cake made from fish mixed with tapioca flour and spices; otak means brain; the name is believed to come from the fact that the dish resembles the color and consistency of the brain

- pangsit - usually small parcels of dough with a meat or seafood filling; similar to dumplings but crispy; if they are prepared without filling, a piece of dough is simply fried in oil

- paniki (kelelawar) - braised bat; Manado, North Sulawesi cuisine

- paru goreng - fried beef lungs; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- pasta - pasta

- pecel - spicy peanut sauce

- pecel lele - catfish with peanut sauce

- pempek (mpek-mpek, empek-empek) - fish cake; the dough is made from fish, salt, and tapioca flour; served with a special kuah cuko sauce made from palm sugar, chili, garlic, vinegar, and salt; the invention story tells of an enterprising Chinese immigrant who, upon arriving in Sumatra, was upset by the excessive amount of unsold fish being discarded; the Chinese then came up with the dish pempek, which he began selling from a cart in his village; Palembang, South Sumatra cuisine

- pepes - a method of cooking food in a banana leaf

- pepes ayam - chicken in a banana leaf

- pepes daging - beef in a banana leaf

- pepes ikan mas - carp in a banana leaf

- pepes jamur - mushrooms in a banana leaf

- pepes kodok - frog legs in a banana leaf

- pepes tahu - tofu in a banana leaf

- pepes telur kodok - frog eggs in a banana leaf

- pepes teri - anchovies in a banana leaf

- perkedel kentang - mini potato fritters

- pisang molen - banana wrapped in a piece of dough and fried in oil

- pisgor (pisang goreng) - banana fritters (abbreviation)

- pizza - pizza

- plecing kangkung - stewed water spinach kangkung; Sasak cuisine, Lombok

- puding - pudding

- rendang - meat cooked in coconut milk with a variety of spices - ginger, galangal, turmeric leaves, lemongrass, garlic, shallots, pepper; among the Minangkabau people, rendang is a must during major holidays; rendang became popular because the abundance of spices helped preserve the meat without refrigeration; it is believed that rendang represents the philosophy of the people of West Sumatra; meat symbolizes clan leaders, coconut milk - intellectuals, teachers, poets, and writers, pepper - religious leaders, and the other spices - the entire Minangkabau society; in 2011, CNN recognized rendang as the best among the 50 most delicious dishes in the world; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- rendang ayam - chicken rendang

- rendang sapi - beef rendang

- roti cane - pancake with various toppings; roti - bread (also in Hindi, Urdu, North Indian languages, Malay), cane possibly derived from 1) Chennai - a port city in India, from where the dish may have originated 2) channa - a dish from North India consisting of chickpeas with a spicy sauce 3) canai - in Malay means "roll out the dough"; served with fillings of eggs, onions, margarine with sugar, sardines, bananas, tofu, spinach, durian, meat, fish, etc.

- rujak (rojak) - a mix of fruits, vegetables, and tubers (mango, guava, pineapple, bengkoang, cucumber, ubi) with sambal; in Java, it is part of a ceremony held on the 7th month of pregnancy and is served to the expectant mother and guests

- salad - salad

- sambal - spicy sauce; there are dozens of variations depending on the ingredients used

- santapan - table (in terms of a variety of food) more often at home

- sate - satay, small meat skewers

- sate ayam - chicken satay

- sate babi - pork satay

- sate kambing - lamb satay

- sate lilit - spicy skewers of pork, chicken, beef, or fish mixed with coconut flakes, thick coconut milk, lemon juice, shallots, and pepper; Balinese cuisine; lilit in Balinese means "wrapped," and during preparation, the mixture is wrapped around a stick

- sate Padang - Padang satay, grilled meat skewers in thick curry sauce; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- sayur asam (sayur asem) - (vegetables, sour) a mix of vegetables (corn, peanuts, jackfruit, long beans, melinjo, Mexican cucumber, etc.); dish from Sundanese, Banten, and Jakarta cuisine

- semur - a type of meat preparation in sweet, thick soy sauce; the sauce uses sweet soy sauce (kecap manis), shallots, onions, garlic, ginger, nutmeg, and cloves, sometimes pepper, coriander, cumin, and cinnamon; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- semur daging - beef stewed in sweet soy sauce; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- semur tahu - tofu stewed in sweet soy sauce; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- sereal - cereal

- siomai (siomay, somay) - a type of dumpling served with potatoes, tofu, eggs, bitter gourd, and cabbage; usually ingredients are chopped and drizzled with sweet soy or peanut sauce; a variation of Chinese dim sum, known as siu mai or shaomai in China

- sop (soto, sroto, tauto, coto, sup) - soup

- sop buntut - oxtail soup with potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, fried shallots, celery, black pepper, nutmeg, garlic, and cloves

- sop buntut goreng - a variation of oxtail soup where the components are fried, and the broth is served separately

- sop kambing - goat meat soup

- sop konro - soup with beef ribs as the main ingredient; Makassar, South Sulawesi cuisine

- sop saudara - (soup, brother) beef soup with rice noodles, potatoes, cow's innards, and eggs; it is believed that the name was invented by the Dollah brothers, who started cooking it and decided that such a name would be close and pleasant to everyone; Pangkep, South Sulawesi cuisine

- sosis - sausage

- soto Ambon - chicken soup seasoned with turmeric, ginger, garlic, lemongrass, and pepper; served with rice, toge (bean sprouts), noodles, celery leaves, fried shallots, fried potatoes, hot sauce, or sweet soy sauce; Ambon, Moluccan Islands cuisine

- soto ayam - chicken soup

- soto babat - (soup, tripe) soup made from cow, goat, or buffalo stomach

- soto Bandung - transparent beef soup with radish pieces; Bandung, Java cuisine

- soto Betawi - beef or beef offal soup, cooked with cow or coconut milk, with fried potatoes and tomatoes; Betawi, Jakarta, Java cuisine

- soto kaki - (soup, foot) soup made from beef tendons and cartilage; Betawi, Jakarta, Java cuisine

- soto Medan - meat or offal soup with coconut milk; served with perkedel (potato fritters), pieces of pre-fried meat; Medan, North Sumatra cuisine

- soto mie - soup with wheat noodles

- soto Padang - Padang beef soup; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- soto Pekalongan - soup made using tauchu sauce from fermented soybeans; Pekalongan, Central Java cuisine

- soto tangkar - soup made from chopped beef ribs

- spageti - spaghetti

- tahu - tofu

- tahu gejrot - fried tofu served with a sauce made from sweet soy sauce, palm sugar, and vinegar; Cirebon, West Java cuisine

- tahu goreng - fried tofu

- tahu isi - tofu filled with ingredients usually consisting of toge, fine rice vermicelli (bihun), shallots, and carrots

- tahu sumedang - well-fried tofu; characterized by hollowness inside and a creamy consistency of the interior, spicy in taste; invented by Indonesian Chinese Ong Kino; Sumedang, West Java cuisine

- telur dadar - omelet

- telur goreng - (egg, fry) fried eggs

- telur pindang - eggs boiled in a mixture of water, salt, soy sauce, shallots, and other spices

- telur rebus - (egg, boil) boiled egg

- tempe - tempeh, a cake made from soybeans

- tempe goreng - (tempe, fry) fried tempeh

- tempe orek - tempeh cooked with vegetables and in soy sauce

- teri kacang - fried anchovies with peanuts

- terong balado - eggplant in chili sauce; Padang, West Sumatra cuisine

- tinutuan (bubur Manado) - rice porridge with kangkung, spinach, corn, pumpkin, cassava; often served for breakfast with additions like salted fish, sambal, fried shallots; Manado, North Sulawesi cuisine

- tongseng - dishes made from goat or beef in a curry soup with the addition of sweet soy sauce and vegetables; Surakarta, Central Java cuisine

- tumis buncis - sautéed green beans

- urap - salad made from spinach, water spinach, papaya leaves, long beans, bean sprouts, and cabbage; sometimes with grated coconut; seasonings include shallots, garlic, red chili peppers, kaffir lime leaves, salt, and coconut sugar; Javanese cuisine

Great! If you have more Indonesian culinary terms or if you have any questions about specific dishes, feel free to ask.

- bau - smell, bad odor

- bon - bill; caution! bon-bon is not a bill but candies

- daftar makanan - (list, food) menu

- daftar minuman - (list, drink) drink menu

- dapur - kitchen (as a space for preparing food)

- harum - aroma (fragrance of flowers, fruits)

- hidangan - table (in terms of a variety of food), often used in hotels or restaurants

- isi - content, filling

- kursi - chair

- langganan - customer

- makanan - food, cuisine (as a collection of dishes); makan (memakan) - to eat

- minuman - drinks; minum (meminum) - to drink

- masakan - cuisine (as a collection of dishes), cooked food; masak (memasak) - to cook

- meja - table

- menu - menu

- pelayan - waiter/waitress

- pesanan - order; pesan (memesan) - to order

- rasa - taste; rasa (merasa) - to feel

- santapan - table (in terms of a variety of food), often used at home

- selera - taste, appetite, desires in general

- wangi - fragrance (perfume, cosmetics)

If you have any more words or phrases you'd like to learn or if you have specific questions, feel free to let me know!

- campur (mencampur) - to mix

- habis (menghabisi) - to run out, to finish

- makan (memakan) - to eat

- makan malam - dinner

- makan pagi - breakfast

- makan siang - lunch

- masak (memasak) - to cook

- minum (meminum) - to drink

- pesan (memesan) - to order

- rekomendasi - recommendation

- santap (menyantap) - to eat (used less frequently than makan)

- sarapan, sarapan pagi - breakfast

- tambah (menambah) - to add

- tunggu (menunggu) - to wait

- potong (memotong) - to cut into large pieces

- iris (mengiris) - to slice, to cut into small pieces, to shred

In a simple budget establishment, when you place an order, they might ask you "makan sini atau dibungkus," which means "eat here or take away." Depending on your response, they will either put the food on a plate, wrap it in a paper bundle, or place it in a container.

By the way, in Indonesia, you can even buy take-out "dibungkus" coffee. However, in this case, you'll likely receive a plastic bag with coffee, not the branded beautiful cups like in Starbucks.

Don't be surprised if, when ordering noodles, they suggest adding rice. Or, when choosing food in a snack shop like "nasi campur," they might offer you noodles to go with the rice.

It is quite natural that nowadays, people adorned with iPhones, Apple Watches, Blackberries, and Androids no longer need to ask the question, "What time is it?" when addressed to an Indonesian passerby.

However, the need to agree on a meeting time still persists. Therefore, today we will explore ways to indicate time in the Indonesian language.

Unfortunately, knowing what time to set a meeting with your Indonesian acquaintance does not guarantee that they will actually arrive on time. In Indonesian, there is even a term for such a phenomenon – "jam karet" (rubber time) – a delay, dragging one's feet, in general, a stretchable rubber time. Nonetheless, it's worth a try.

The question about time itself is asked using the phrase Jam berapa?

It is this word order that is important. Because jam in this case is an object, and berapa is its definition (“which”).

If you ask the question Berapa jam? then it will be translated as “how many hours?”

For example:

Berapa jam kamu perlu untuk siap (mempersiapkan) semua barangmu? – How many hours does it take you to pack all your things?

Berapa jam dari Makassar ke Jakarta naik pesawat? – How many hours from Makassar to Jakarta by plane?

watch (as a device)

hour

time, moment

jam berangkat – (hour, depart) departure time

jam datang – (hour, arrive) arrival time

jam buka – (hour, open) opening hours; jam kantor – (hour, office) office hours; jam kerja – (hour, work) working hours; jam tugas – (hour, assignment) working hours

jam detik – (hour, second) stopwatch

jam dinding – (hour, wall) wall clock; jam tembok – (hour, wall) wall clock

jam kunjungan – (hour, visit) visiting hours

jam main – (hour, play) start of play sessions

jam makan – (hour, eat) mealtime

jam malam – (hour, night) curfew

jam matahari – (hour, sun) sundial; jam surya – (hour, sun) sundial

jam meja – (hour, table) desk clock

jam menara – (hour, tower) clock on the tower

jam pasir – (hour, sand) hourglass

jam pelajaran – (hour, lesson) class hour; belajar – to learn; mengajar — to teach

jam saku – (hour, pocket) pocket watch

jam sibuk – (hour, busy) rush hour, peak hour

jam tangan – (hour, hand) wristwatch

jam terbang – (hour, fly) flight hours, flight time

jam weker – (hour, alarm) alarm clock

Another way to ask the time is:

Pukul berapa? – literally "how many strikes?" or "how many hits?"

This is a more formal and official variant.

PUKUL - strike, hit

pukul besi — pukul besi – (strike, iron) hammer

pukul curi – (strike, steal) sneak attack

pukul samping – (strike, side) indirectly, sidewise

Memukul - to hit, to strike, to knock, to deceive, to conduct, to play a percussion instrument, to hit in chess, to multiply in mathematics

pukul anjing tidur – (strike, dog, sleep) to beat a sleeping dog, to kick someone when they're down

pukul besi — (strike, iron) forge iron

pukul cap – (strike, seal) to stamp

pukul gengsi – (strike, prestige) to strike at one's prestige

pukul lebam mata – (strike, bruise, eye) to blacken an eye

pukul mundur – (strike, retreat) to repel an attack

pukul musuh – (strike, enemy) to strike the enemy

pukul rata – (strike, even) to level

pukul telor (telur) – (strike, egg) to beat an egg

Now, let's talk about how you can navigate if you're asked "jam berapa" or about the time of an event like:

Jam berapa kita bisa ketemu di museum topeng? — What time can we meet at the mask museum?

Jam berapa buruh bisa tiba di rumah saya untuk memperbaiki keran? – What time can the worker arrive at my house to fix the faucet?

The easiest option is to give a round hour.

You can use the clock in both the 12-hour and 24-hour systems.

If you are using the 12-hour system or the 24-hour system but talking about time before noon, it's better to indicate the time of day (pagi, siang, sore, malam) so that the interlocutor does not get confused.

If the time of day is not indicated and the hour is before 11, then most likely it refers to the time from 00:00 to 12:00.

If the time of day can be guessed from the context, you may not specify the time of day.

To specify that an event happens at a particular time, the preposition is not needed.

Jam satu siang – 1 o'clock in the afternoon

Jam tujuh pagi – 7 o'clock in the morning

Jam tujuh malam – 7 o'clock in the evening

Jam tiga — 3 o'clock at night

Jam sebelas – 11 o'clock

What to do if, in addition to the hours, you need to specify the minutes?

If you are focusing on the minutes that have passed after the beginning of the hour, you should use the word "lewat" (lebih). It can be used for both time and spatial orientation because it means "to pass, to go through."

For example:

- Aku bisa lewat rumahmu di jalan ke toko. – I can pass by your house on the way to the store.

- Bapak! Tolong, berhenti! Lewat! – Sir (driver)! Please stop! We've passed (the stop)!

In the case of time, "lewat" can be translated for mental convenience as "and after ... minutes have passed."

Jam lima belas lewat dua puluh (menit) – 15:20

Jam dua puluh tiga lewat sepuluh (menit) – 23:10

Jam sebelas pagi lewat lima belas (menit) — 11:15

The word menit (minutes) can be said or omitted. It will be clear what you mean anyway.

The simplest and completely legal option.

If you forgot lewat, say the time without it. Just first a number indicating hours, then minutes. Indonesians do this too.

Jam tiga belas empat puluh – 13.45

Jam dua puluh dua puluh – 20.20

Jam sembilan pagi sepuluh – 9.10

Jam tiga malam kosong lima – 3.05

Jam kosong kosong dua puluh – 00.20

lewat

- to pass, to go through, to drive past

- to pass (of time)

- after something

- by means of, with the help of

- through (crossing to the other side, bypassing something)

Examples:

- lewat jenuh – (through, saturated) overfed, gorged

- lewat lembayung – (through violet) ultraviolet

- lewat merah – (through, red) infrared

- lewat radio – (through, radio) over the radio

- lewat tengah hari – (through, middle, day) in the afternoon

- lewat tengah malam – (through, middle, night) after midnight

Melewati

- to pass by, to drive through, to swim past

- to cross borders, to break the law

- to exceed, to surpass

- to overcome (an opponent), to bypass

- to miss, to skip

- through, by means of

- to cross to the other side (of the road)

Additionally, to add minutes to the hour, you can use "lebih." Although in spoken language, "lewat" is slightly more common.

Jam lima belas lebih dua puluh – 15:20

Jam dua puluh tiga lebih sepuluh – 23:10

Jam sebelas lebih lima — 11:05

lebih

- more (to indicate exceeding quantity)

- more (to indicate intensifying quality)

- remaining (in mathematical calculations)

Examples:

- lebih cepat lebih baik – (more, fast, more, good) the sooner, the better

- lebih dulu (dahulu) – (more, earlier) prematurely

- lebih dari tiga kali – (more, than, three, times) more than three times

- lebih dari suka – (more, than, like) extremely pleased

- lebih disukai – (more, preferable) preferably; suka – to like

- lebih lagi – (more, again) even more

- lebih malam – (more, night) closer to night

- lebih pagi – (more, morning) earlier in the morning

- lebih siang – (more, day) earlier, if said in relation to the evening, or later if said in relation to the morning; literally – closer to midday

KURANG (LESS)

- not enough, insufficient, little

- less than, fewer than

- minus, subtraction sign

- remaining, leftover (in mathematical calculations)

- mediocre, average (on a 10-point scale)

- defect, shortcoming

- except for, excluding

- after a certain period of time (kurang lima menit makan siang – in less than five minutes lunchtime; kurang berapa bulan? – in less than how many months?)

- the meaning of incompleteness of a property (kurang sehat – not quite healthy)

- less respected (kurang ajar – disrespectful)

- not very experienced, less experienced (kurang berpengalaman)

- less fortunate (kurang beruntung)

- less varied (kurang bervariasi)

- less careful (kurang cermat)

- less competent (kurang cakap)

- less deep (kurang dalam)

- less hearable, less pleasant to hear (kurang enak didengar)

- less liver (kurang hati)

- less faithful (kurang iman)

- less successful, unsuccessful (kurang jadi)

- less desire (kurang kemauan)

- less power, weaker (kurang kuasa (kuat))

- more or less (kurang lebih) 

- kurang meyakinkan*– less convincing; meyakinkan — convincing

- kurang nilai – less valuable; nilai — value

- kurang percaya– less trusting, skeptical; percaya — to trust, believe

- kurang rajin – less diligent, lazy; rajin — diligent, hardworking

- kurang ramai – less crowded, deserted; ramai — crowded

- kurang sabar – less patient, impatient; sabar — patient

- kurang sadar – less conscious, unconscious; sadar — conscious

- kurang sedikit– slightly less, a bit less; sedikit — a little

- kurang sempurna – less perfect, imperfect; sempurna — perfect

- kurang senang – less happy, unhappy; senang — happy

- kurang tepat – less accurate, inaccurate; tepat — accurate

- kurang terima – less accepting, ungrateful, dissatisfied; terima — to accept, receive; kurang terima kasih — ungrateful, ingratitude

- kurang tetap – less stable, unstable; tetap — stable

- kurang tilik – less vigilant, oversight; tilik — to look, observe

- kurang uang – less money, penniless; uang — money

For time orientation with half-hour precision, the following terms are used:

Setengah – half; se- — one; tengah — middle

You can use either the 12-hour or 24-hour system, by adding the words lewat (more) or kurang (less).

But you can only use the 12-hour system if you don't use them.

Examples:

1. Jam tigabelas lewat setengah – 13.30 (1:30 PM)

(Thirteen and a half hours)

2. Jam empatbelas kurang setengah — 13.30 (1:30 PM)

(Fourteen minus half an hour)

3. Jam setengah dua siang — 1.30 (1:30 PM)

(Half past one in the afternoon)

4. Jam dua puluh satu lewat setengah — 21.30 (9:30 PM)

(Twenty-one and a half hours)

5. Jam dua puluh dua kurang setengah — 21.30 (9:30 PM)

(Twenty-two minus half an hour)

6. Jam setengah sepuluh malam – 9.30 (9:30 PM)

(Half past nine in the evening)

For time orientation with quarter-hour precision, the following terms are used:

Seperempat – quarter; se- — one; per – per; empat – four

Similar to the case with half-hour increments, you can use either the 12-hour or 24-hour system by adding the words lewat (more) or kurang (less).

But you can only use the 12-hour system if you don't use them. For example, saying "quarter to eleven" is acceptable, but "quarter past thirteen" is not.

Examples:

1. Jam satu siang lewat seperempat – 1.15 PM

(One in the afternoon with a quarter)

2. Jam sebelas siang kurang seperempat – 10.45 AM

(Eleven in the morning minus a quarter)

3. Jam dua puluh dua kurang seperempat – 21.45 (9:45 PM)

(Twenty-two minus a quarter)

4. Jam seperempat sepuluh malam — 9.15 PM

(Quarter past nine in the evening)

1) convert the following time notations in digital format using the 24-hour system:

jam tujuh malam

jam dua kosong dua

jam delapan belas tiga puluh

jam dua puluh satu lebih tigabelas

jam dua kurang lima belas

jam dua puluh tiga lewat dua puluh sembilan

jam tiga siang tiga puluh

jam empat sore lewat setengah

jam tujuh belas kurang tujuh

jam empat empat puluh lima

jam dua puluh satu dua puluh satu

jam dua siang lewat seperempat

jam sebelas kurang seperempat

jam lima belas lebih dua puluh lima

jam tujuh belas kurang lima belas

2) during the day, try to pay attention to the clock at least five times and write down this time in words in Indonesian as many times as possible.

Living in Bali, actively moving around the island or reading social media communities, how often do you come across villa names? Are you interested in translating all villa names that contain Indonesian words? If so, this lesson is for you.

I deliberately skipped names composed of personal names, mythological characters, and geographical names.

Asli - "Original" - 1) initial 2) authentic, original, handwritten (in the case of a signature), original copy 3) indigenous, primordial 4) innate, natural

Atas Ombak - "Above the Waves" - Atas

1) top, upper

2) on, above (when indicating the object of an action) milik atas… ownership of...

3) into how many parts something is divided dibagi atas empat bagian (divided into 4 parts)

4) consisting of how many parts terdiri atas tiga bagian (consists of 3 parts)

5) for something terima kasih atas... (thanks for...)

6) in accordance with something atas pemohonan sendiri (on one's own request)

7) due to atas beberapa sebab (due to several reasons, for various reasons);

Ombak - wave, waves, agitation; ombak bersabung (competing) - raging waves; ombak kalbu (heart) - emotional turmoil; ombak membunga (blooming) - surge; ombak memecah (breaking) - surf; berombak - to be agitated (about the sea), to wave (hair, flag), wavy, corrugated;

Bahagia - "Happiness" - happiness, happy; berbahagia - happy; mambahagiakan - to make someone happy;

Bunga Wangi - "Fragrant Flower"

Bunga - 1) flower, floral 2) floral ornament; bunga angin (wind) - a light breeze, harbinger, anticipation; bunga api (fire) - spark, fireworks; bunga bibir (lips) - beautiful words, subject of conversation; bunga buatan (artificial) - artificial flower; membungai - 1) to decorate something with flowers 2) to crown with a wreath 3) to embellish. Bunga - 1) interest on capital; bunga bank - bank interest; bunga tanah (land) - land rent; bunga uang (money) - interest on capital; Wangi - fragrant, aromatic; wangian - fragrance, aroma, perfume; mewangi - to smell pleasant; mewangikan - to perfume;

Cahaya - "Radiance"

1) light, radiance, brilliance, sparkle 2) gloss, sheen 3) expression (of the face); cahaya buatan (artificial) - artificial lighting; cahaya kemegahan (splendor) - splendor of glory; cahaya mata (eyes) - 1) gleam of eyes, radiance of eyes 2) gaze; bercahaya - 1) to shine, radiate light, glow, sparkle, shining, radiant, sparkling 2) bright, shiny, glossy 3) brilliant, glorious;

Cantik - "Beautiful"

1) beautiful, attractive, lovely (typically used for females) 2) splendid, magnificent; bercantik-cantik - to beautify oneself, to adorn oneself; kecantikan - beauty, attractiveness, charm; mencantikkan - to embellish, to add charm;

Capung - "Dragonfly"

Catur Kembar - "Four Twins"

Catur - chess, chess-related; caturan - chess pattern; bercatur - to play chess, checkered, in a grid; percaturan - 1) chess game, match, chess set, chessboard 2) situation, condition, deployment of forces 3) political course; in some contexts, it translates as "four"; catur dharma eka karma - four missions, one duty (the motto of the Indonesian Armed Forces); catur wangsa - four castes, caste system. Kembar - 1) identical 2) twins 3) pair, matched 4) double 5) duo 6) ambiguous; kembar dua (two) - twins, paired; kembar tiga (three) - triplets, tripled; kembar lima (five) - five twins;

Cendana - "Sandalwood" - sandalwood tree, sandalwood

Cinta - "Love"

love, to love; cinta buta (blind) - blind love; cinta damai (peace) - love for peace, peace-loving; cinta hidup (life) - love for life, life-loving; cinta monyet (monkey) - reckless passion; cinta pekat (concentrated) - passionate love; cinta selayang (at first sight) - love at first sight; bercinta-cintaan - to love each other, to flirt; pecinta - 1) lover, admirer, fan 2) beloved (noun) 3) enthusiast; pecinta alam (nature) - naturalist; pecinta diri (oneself) - self-lover; pecinta petulangan (adventures) - adventurer; tercinta - dear, beloved; cintamani - mythical magical stone that aids in matters;

Dusun - "Rural" - village, hamlet, rural; dusun - an ethnic group in Sabah;

Gemuk - "Fertile"

1) fat, fatty 2) obesity, plumpness, overweight, full 3) fertilization 4) fertile 5) tech. lubricant; gemuk ikan (fish) - fish oil; gemuk mesin (machine) - machine lubrication;

Indah Manis - "Beautiful, Sweet"

Indah - 1) beautiful, picturesque 2) valuable, important 3) artistic, aesthetic; keindahan - beauty;

mengindahkan - 1) to decorate 2) to pay attention to something, to be interested in something;

perindahan - 1) decoration, decor 2) attention, interest 3) value, importance.

Manis - 1) sweet, sugary 2) pleasant, delightful 3) cute, charming, attractive;

manis bahasa (language) - polite; manis hati (liver) - friendly; manis mulut (mouth) - sweet-tongued; manis tutur (speech) - flattering speech; manisan - sweets; bermanis-manis - to flatter; kemanisan - sweetness, friendliness, attractiveness, cloying; memanis - to become sweet, to embellish, to soften, to smooth; memaniskan - to sweeten; memaniskan muka (face) - to give a friendly expression to the face; pemanis - 1) decoration 2) ornament, attire 3) cosmetic product 4) charm; Manis - one of the five days of the Javanese week;

Kakatua - "Cockatoo" - 1) cockatoo from kakak tua - elderly older brother 2) mites (tech.);

Kamboja - "Plumeria"

Karang Putih - "White Coral"

Karang - 1) coral, coral-related 2) coral reef 3) kidney stones; karang berendam - underwater reef; karang gigi - dental calculus;

berkarang - 1) coral 2) with coral reefs 3) to collect corals, to dive for corals 4) chronic, neglected (about a disease);

karang (karangan) - 1) work, composition 2) collection of works 3) composition, structure 4) wreath, garland 5) bouquet; berkarang-karang - fictional, false (about testimonies); pengarang - writer, author, literary figure, essayist; pekarangan - courtyard, plot, garden.

Putih - 1) white, whiteness 2) pale (about the face) 3) pure, immaculate 4) egg white 5) whites in chess; putih bersih (clean) - 1) dazzling white 2) clean, immaculate; putih hati (liver) - 1) sincere, frank 2) kind-hearted; putih mata - 1) white of the eye, 2) disgraced 3) tired 4) irritated; putih tulang (bone) - to die; memutihkan - 1) to whiten 2) to bleach; memutihkan mata - 1) to disgrace 2) to tire 3) to irritate.

Karishma - "Charm"

1) authority, influence 2) authoritarianism, despotism 3) charm, allure, beauty;

Karma Cantik - "Beautiful Destiny"

Karma - 1) deeds, actions 2) destiny, fate 3) karma in the context of Hindu religion. Cantik - see above.

Karma Manis - "Sweet Destiny" - Karma - see above. Cantik - see above.

Kedidi - "Wader" (a type of bird);

Kejora - "Venus" - 1) Planet Venus 2) morning (rarely used);

Kirana - "Ray of Light" - archaic 1) ray of light 2) beautiful, charming;

Kubu - "Fortress"

1) fortification, fortress 2) fortress wall 3) enclosure; berkubu - to defend oneself in a fortress; Kubu - a small forest tribe in Sumatra;

Lautan kupu-kupu - "Sea of Butterflies"

Lautan (laut) 1) sea 2) ocean, oceanic; Lautan Arktik (Utara) - Arctic Ocean; Lautan Pasifik (Teduh) - Pacific Ocean; lautan lepas - open ocean. Kupu - 1) equal (in rank, origin, position); kupuan - social status 2) kupu-kupu - butterfly; kupu-kupu malam (night) - "night butterfly";

Lestari - "Eternal"

1) constant, unchanging 2) eternal, enduring 3) inexhaustible, limitless; kelestarian - 1) constancy, permanence 2) eternity 3) inexhaustibility; melestarikan - to immortalize;

Maharaj - "Emperor"

Maharaja (maharaj) 1) maharaja 2) emperor; maharaja siang (poetic) daylight

Mana - "Mana" - 1) which, who 2) interrogative word in combinations (di mana, ke mana, dari mana, yang mana); mana lagi (more) - moreover; manapun, mana saja - any, whichever; mana suka (to like) - voluntarily, optional; mana tahu - who knows? (rhetorical); Mana - supernatural force in animistic beliefs;

Manis - "Sweet";

Melati - "Jasmine";

Mimpi - "Dreams"

1) dream, daydream 2) dreams, aspirations; mimpi indah - beautiful dream; mimpi jahat - nightmare; bermimpi - 1) to sleep, asleep, dreaming 2) to dream about; bermimpi tentang (about) … to dream about something;

Mulia - "Glorious"

1) glorious 2) great 3) noble; mulia raya - venerable; kemuliaan 1) glory 2) greatness 3) nobility; memuliakan 1) to glorify, exalt 2) to ennoble, elevate 3) to improve a breed or variety;

pemulia - breeder;

Ombak Laut - "Sea Wave"

Laut - sea, maritime; laut api (fire) - fiery hell; Laut Hitam (Black) - Black Sea; Laut Kuning (Yellow) - Yellow Sea; laut madu (honey) - captivating (about a smile); laut muhit (all-encompassing) - world ocean; laut lepas (free) - open sea; laut tawar (fresh) - freshwater lake; laut wilayah (region) - territorial waters;

Pantai Indah - "Beautiful Coast"

Pantai - 1) seashore, coast, beach 2) sloping, inclined; berpantai (berpantaikan) - to wash against (about the sea); memantai 1) to head towards the shore 2) to set (about the sun);

Pelangi - "Rainbow" - 1) rainbow 2) multicolored silk;

Puri Sejuk - "Cool Palace"

Puri - 1) Balinese Hindu temple 2) (archaeol.) city, fortress, palace, castle, chambers, room. Sejuk - 1) cool, fresh 2) refreshing 3) cool 4) calm, serene 5) content, satisfied; kesejukan - 1) coolness, freshness 2) to catch a cold 3) to freeze and shiver; penyejuk hati (liver) - consolation, solace;

Puteri - "Princess"

Puteri (putri) 1) daughter 2) girl 3) woman, female 4) daughter of a rajah, princess; puteri malam (night) - queen of the night (moon); puteri malu (shy) - mimosa, a plant whose leaves close upon touch; keputerian - femininity;

Sakti - "Shakti"

1) Shakti in Hindu philosophy 2) magical power, magic, sorcery, magical, bewitched 3) enchanted 4) talisman 5) sacred; kesaktian - 1) magical power, magic, sorcery 2) sanctity; menyaktikan - to bewitch;

Selamanya - "Forever"

Selama - always, all the time; selama-lamanya - 1) always, all the time 2) forever 3) at most, maximum, for a period not exceeding;

Serai - "Lemongrass"

Serai (sere, sereh) - lemongrass – a perennial plant of the mint or grass family. Lemon sorghum, lemongrass, or cymbopogon;

Sungai Tinggi - "High River"

Sungai - 1) river, riverine. Tinggi - 1) high (e.g., about a building), height, magnitude 2) high (about clouds) 3) tall, lofty (about a person) 4) high, elevated (terrain) 5) high, noble (about feelings, thoughts) 6) high (about price, temperature, pressure) 7) high, honorable (about social status) 8) high-ranking, noble 9) high, thin (about sound) 10) high, refined (about style) 11) higher (about an educational institution) sekolah tinggi - higher school; tinggi air (water) - water level; tinggi awan (cloud) - sky-high; tinggi badan (body) - a person's height; tinggi hari (day) - around noon; tinggi hati (liver) - arrogant; tinggi rasi (constellation) - 1) fortunate, lucky 2) holy, sacred; tinggi raya (big) - great height; tinggi suara (voice) - pitch;

Surga - "Paradise"

Surga (sorga) - paradise; sorga dunia - earthly paradise; sorga ketujuh (seventh) - seventh heaven;

Surya - "Sun" - 1) poetic - sun 2) sun god Surya;

Taman Sorga - "Heavenly Garden";

Tantangan - "Challenge"

1) a challenge to fight 2) a challenge to norms 3) provocation 4) critical remarks 5) danger, threat 6) disaster, adversity, a blow; tantangan alam (nature) - natural disaster; tantangan brutal - a cruel blow of fate; tantangan maut (death) - a mortal threat; menantang - 1) to throw a challenge 2) to provoke; penantang - 1) opponent 2) provocateur;

Istana - "Palace"

1) palace 2) the ace of cards; istana olahraga (sports) - sports palace; beristana - to live in a palace

Wangsa - "Dynasty"

1) family, dynasty 2) noble lineage, noble 3) caste; kewangsaan 1) kinship 2) nobility 3) caste;

Good news for those who haven't fully grasped Indonesian tenses yet – in the Indonesian language, they don't exist. In the sense that verbs do not change based on tenses, and the time of an event is expressed using auxiliary words.

When using each of these words, a connection with any moment in time – present, past, or future – can be conveyed.

The usual position of these words in a sentence is before the predicate.

Dulu (dahulu) - Previously (long ago)

Kemarin - Yesterday

Sudah - Already

Telah - Already

Belum - Not yet

Tadi - Just recently

Baru - Recently

Perhan - Already

(N) abad, tahun, bulan, minggu, hari, jam, menit, detik yang lalu - (N) centuries, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds ago

Sedang - Now

Sekarang - Now

Lagi - Now (in this case; usually used as “still”)

Tengah - Now

Masih - Until now

Tidak lagi - No more

Hari ini - Today

Abad, tahun, bulan, minggu, jam, menit, detik ini - In this century, this year, this month, this week, at this hour, at this minute at this second

Akan - I will

Nanti - Then, later

Besok - Tomorrow

Lusa - The day after tomorrow

Abad, tahun, bulan, minggu, jam, menit, detik depan - In the next century, year, month, next week, next hour, next minute, second

Pada - B

Sambil - While

Setelah - After

Sesudah - After

Bila - When

Ketika - When

Sebelum - Before, before

Begitu - As soon as (in this case; usually used as "so")

Hingga - Before (precisely in this case; usually used as “border, limit”)

Baru saja - As soon as

Why is the division in these tablets conditional?

Because acting as an independent action with an indicator, for example sudah, will occur in the past tense:

Saya sudah makan – I have already eaten.

But if we make it dependent on another action in the future, then perhaps it will also happen in the future.

Saat kamu (akan) tiba di rumah aku besok pagi aku sudah (akan) selesai makan – When you arrive at my house tomorrow morning, I will have already finished eating.

Indication of the time of action in a sentence may indeed be absent. In such cases, determine the time based on context.

In the upcoming lessons, we will systematically go through all these words in detail, providing examples and explanations of their differences. For now, there's no need to learn them if you're not familiar. Just take a look, and things might become clearer over time.

Today's lesson is dedicated to the simplest aspect: how to denote the past or future time, century, year, and event date. We have already covered how to express time during the day, i.e., hours, in one of the previous lessons.

Century (abad)

Officially, you should use Pada abad…

In casual speech, you can simply say it without pada:

- Abad dua puluh – в двадцатом веке (In the twentieth century)

- Abad sembilan belas – в девятнадцатом веке (In the nineteenth century)

The schema for a full date looks like this:

Tanggal (date, number) + date number + month name + year number

1) Tanggal is often abbreviated as tgl

2) The number is pronounced as usual, without order. That is

Tujuh belas – seventeenth in this case

3) Months:

Januari - January

Februari - February

Maret – March

April - April

Mei – May

Juni – June

Juli – July

Agustus – August

September – September

Oktober – October

Nopember – November

December - December

4) Years

You can read the year number according to the rules in its entirety.

Tahun seribu sembilan ratus empat puluh lima

You can shorten it, which is normal for spoken language. As is often done in English, the 4-digit year number is divided into two parts. The first two-digit number is read first, then the second.

Sembilan belas empat lima

If it is clear from the context which century we are talking about, then only the last two digits of the year can be said.

Umur saya tiga puluh tiga. Saya lahir tahun delapan puluh satu. - I am 33 years old. I was born in 81.

If the numeral denoting the year has the digit 0, then it can be read as follows:

tahun seribu sembilan ratus (de)lapan - 1908

sembilan belas nol (kosong) (de)lapan - 1908

tahun dua ribu lima - 2005

dua ribu kosong kosong lima - 2005

Date example:

Hari ini tanggal dua puluh satu September tahun dua puluh sebelas - Today is September 21, 2011.

Tanggal tujuh belas Agustus tahun seribu sembilan ratus empat puluh lima - August 17, 1945.

Tanggal tujuh belas Agustus sembilan belas empat puluh lima – August 17, 1945.

What date? When? (Pada) tanggal berapa?

(Pada) tanggal berapa kamu akan datang ke Jakarta? - What date will you arrive in Jakarta?

(Pada) tahun berapa kamu lahir? - In what year were you born?

In spoken Indonesian, pada can be omitted.

How many centuries (years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds)? Berapa...?

In a question in which the question is asked about the number of certain intervals of time, berapa is put before them.

Berapa tahun Anda tinggal di Jakarta? - How many years have you lived in Jakarta?

In what (century, year, month)? What day? What time? At what minute (second)? Pada... apa?

Pada bulan apa? - In what month?

Pada tahun apa? - At what year?

lahir - to be born

pasangan - couple

merupakan - to appear, constitute; rupa – appearance, shape, figure

anak sulung - first-born child

putra - son

satu-satunya - the only one

berganti (ganti) - change

nama - name

memiliki (milik) - to have

saat - time, during

berusia - aged

ayah - father

terpaksa - to be forced, forced, forced; paksa - strength

memboyong - to transport, carry

istri - wife

menetap - settle, localize; tetap – fixed, constant, permanent

sebagai - as (as); kerja sebagai kuli – to work as a porter

seperti - as (in relation to properties); hidup seperti ini – life like this

penghuni - inhabitant; huni – inhabited, inhabited, to be looked after

liar - wild

penghuni liar - squatter, illegal settler

biaya - expenses, payment

membuat (buat) - to do, create

pesimis - pessimist

keluarga - family

mampu - capable

kurang mampu - incapable, disadvantaged

tumbuh - to grow

sikap - attitude

sederhana - simple

kondisi - state, conditions

tuntutan (tuntut) - requirement, demand

hidup - life

terbiasa - to get used to, to be accustomed to...; biasa - ordinary

masa - time

sulit - difficult

pendiam - quiet, secretive

meminta (minta) - to ask

orang tua - parents

pendidikan - education

diawali - to begin; the verb mulai (memulai) is also often used

masuk - enter, enter, enter

dikenal - famous, to be famous; kenal - to know, to be familiar with...

kalangan - circle, circle of people

menengah ke bawah - below average

kesulitan - difficulty

dialami - experienced; alam – nature, world; alami – natural, natural

mengalami - to worry, experience; pengalaman - experience; lama - old

berdagang - trade

ojek payung - umbrella bearer; payung - umbrella

mengojek payung - work as an umbrella porter

kuli - porter, loader, coolie

keperluan - necessity; perlu (memerlukan) - need, demand

uang - money

jajan - snack

uang jajan - pocket money

sehari-hari - daily

sepeda - bicycle

memilih (pilih) - choose

berjalan kaki (jalan kaki) - on foot

duduk - sit, be in

kelas - class

bersama - together with

harus - to be due, must

pindah - to move

membayar (bayar) - to pay

kontrakan - rent

melainkan - but, but on the contrary; lain - other

digusur - evicted; gusur - to evict

penggusuran - eviction

oleh - by, through, for the authorship, with the participation of, for the reason of, because of

pemerintah - government

tanpa - without

pemberitahuan - notice; beri - to give; tahu - to know

sebelum - before, before, previous, preliminary; belum - not yet

sebanyak - in quantity...; banyak - a lot

lulus - to pass, pass an exam, graduate from an educational institution; tamat dari is also often used for the expression “to graduate from...”

kemudian - then

melanjutkan - continue, stretch, hesitate, send; lanjut - elongated, prolonged

sempat - to have the opportunity, to be able

namun - however

gagal - fail, fail, failed, failed

sehingga - so

pada akhirnya - in the end

kuliah - training (usually at a university), study, lecture

jurusan - direction, region, department

teknologi kayu - wood technology

fakultas - faculty

kehutanan - forestry

universitas - university

For those who have already been frightened by the abundance of information in the previous lesson on the topic of tenses, this lesson is about the past tense. From it, you will understand that the devil is not as scary as it seemed at first glance.

The same sentence in Indonesian becomes a sentence in the past, present, or future tense by adding such auxiliary words as (already, not yet, recently, just now; now, still, no more; will, later, and others) oriented to specific events or dates (in the 20th century, this year, May 1, 2015).

Verbs do not change depending on the tense.

As you can understand, the grammar of tenses in the Indonesian language is much simpler than in English. Let's examine in detail all these auxiliary words that allow us to control tenses.

I'll warn you in advance. In the case of verbs, I provide two variants. Without parentheses, it is the base form used in spoken language, and in parentheses, it is the literary form (with prefixes me-, men-, mem-, meng-) that you may encounter in formal speech, books, and newspapers. I intentionally only provide one literary form.

1) Because the lessons are primarily designed for those who need Indonesian mainly for simple conversations.

2) Because if you start learning Indonesian and begin studying verbs in the correct form with prefixes me-, men-, mem-, meng-, they will all seem the same to you.

3) Knowing the base form is also necessary because it serves for word formation. At least for a very important verb form that will be useful to you in the early stages of conversations, such as the passive: di + base form of the verb.

In the last lesson, we already discussed that if we tie an event to a specific date in the past, then the time in the sentence also becomes past.

Saya mulai (memulai) pakai (memakai) internet Smartfren (pada) tahun 2011. – I started using Internet Smartfren in 2011.

Saya beli (membeli) modem ini tanggal August 20, 2012. – I bought this modem on August 20, 2012.

(N) abad, tahun, bulan, minggu, hari, jam, menit, detik yang lalu - so many centuries, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds ago

The date in the past that we specify to refer to an event in the past can be relative. For this, we use (N) number + time interval (centuries, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds) + yang (which) + lalu (past, last)

Saya beli (membeli) modem ini sekitar dua setengah tahun yang lalu. – I bought this modem about two and a half years ago. Saya mulai (memulai) pakai (memakai) internet Smartfren lagi kira-kira dua minggu yang lalu. – I started using Smartfren internet again about two weeks ago.

Dulu (dahulu) - earlier, first

Dahulu is more often used in formal speech. Dulu is used in ordinary spoken language.

Dulu can be placed both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence.

Dulu saya tidak tahu (mengetahui) tentang tarif internet yang ini. – Before, I didn't know about this internet tariff.

Mari kita periksa (memeriksa) koneksi internet di komputer saya dulu. – Let's check the internet connection on my computer first.

Sudah и telah – already

The action may be completed by the present moment, or it may not.

Saya sudah isi (mengisi) pulse internet. – I have already topped up my Internet balance.

Dia telah perbaiki (memperbaiki) komputernya. — He has already fixed his computer.

Saya sudah pakai (memakai) modem ini kurang-lebih selama dua setengah tahun. – I have already been using this modem for about two and a half years.

By the way, sudah and telah, if not related to time, can be used with adjectives. Then there is no connection to time.

Model modemnya sudah/telah tua. – The model of this modem is already old.

In modern spoken Indonesian, sudah and telah are used approximately the same. Choose the one that you will remember best.

Telah is more often used in formal speeches and newspapers.

But sudah can be used in more situations. It's more versatile.

Sudah is used for questions and short answers.

Kamu sudah bangun? - Have you already woken up?

Kamu sudah makan? -Have you eaten yet?

Kamu sudah bayar (membayar) internet? – Have you already paid for the Internet?

Ya, sudah. - Yes already.

Sudah can be used to mean "enough", "enough" with the suffix –lah

Sudahlah. Ayo berangkat. - Enough. Let's go

If the sentence refers to some point in the future or present, simply translate sudah as “already.” This will make it clearer what time we are talking about.

Aku sudah harus bawa (membawa) modemku ke servis center besok pagi. – I will have to take my modem to the service center tomorrow morning.

Saya sudah mau makan. - I'm already hungry.

Belum - not yet, not yet

If there are no additional auxiliary words, belum alone most often indicates that the action has not yet begun or has not yet ended.

Saya belum tiba ke service center. – I haven’t arrived at the service center yet.

Saya belum selesai (menyelesaikan) bicara (berbicara) dengan konsultan. – I haven’t finished talking to the consultant yet.

The word belum can indicate that some action or process has not yet occurred

Saya belum tahu (mengetahui) apakah model modem ini bagus atau tidak. – I don’t know yet whether this modem model is good or not.

Saya belum begitu lama pakai (memakai) internet dari Indosat. – I have not been using the Internet from Indosat for a long time.

You've probably noticed that when answering some global questions about life and life experiences, Indonesians often answer “not yet” instead of “no.”

- Apakah kamu sudah kawin? -Are you already married?

- Belum. - Not yet.

- Apakah kamu sudah makan (memakan) pelmeni? – Have you already eaten dumplings?

- Belum. - Not yet.

In this way, a person shows that he is ready for such an event or new experience.

In fact, in Indonesian official language, kemarin is actually used as "yesterday". But in colloquial language kemarin is often used for events that happened not only yesterday, but also earlier than yesterday. If an Indonesian tells you that something happened yesterday, ask how many days yesterday or what day of the week yesterday.

- Saya beli (membeli) modem ini kemarin tapi ini sudah rusak. – I bought this modem yesterday, but it’s already broken.

- Kemarin? Berapa hari yang lalu? Tanggal berapa? - Yesterday? How many days ago? What date?

To be honest, the same story happens with besok (tomorrow), which is not exactly “tomorrow”. Therefore, if an Indonesian promises to do something to you “tomorrow”, check when this magical “tomorrow” will come.

In Indonesian, tadi most often refers to an action that occurred on the same day before the moment of speaking. However, sometimes it can indicate an action that happened within the last 24 hours.

Tadi saya pakai (memakai) internet tanpa masalah. – Just now, I used the internet without any problems.

If you need to specify when exactly this "just now" happened, you can mention the time of day (pagi/siang/sore/malam).

Tadi malam kuota saya habis. – Last night, my data quota ran out.

Tadi can also be added as an indicator of an object or contact that occurred recently.

Babi guling tadi enak sekali. — The roast pork (that we recently had) was very delicious.

Internet Indosat tadi cepat sekali. – The Indosat internet (that I recently used) was very fast.

As we know from previous lessons, baru is also an adjective meaning "new" when referring to objects. Baru indicates that the action being discussed has just happened or recently concluded. Figuratively speaking, it is considered "new."

Saya baru beli (membeli) modem ini. – I just bought this modem.

Saya baru mulai (memulai) pakai (memakai) tarif yang ini. – I just started using this tariff.

Saya baru kembali dari Sulawesi. – I just returned from Sulawesi.

In such cases, baru should be placed before the predicate.

You can also use baru with numerals.

Komputer saya baru setahun. – My computer is only a year old.

Saya mulai (memulai) pakai (memakai) internet Indosat baru dua minggu yang lalu. – I started using Indosat internet just two weeks ago.

When used with time indicators, baru can be translated as "just struck" or "only yet."

Sekarang baru jam empat sore tapi kantor Smartfren sudah tutup (tertutup). – It's only 4 PM now, but the Smartfren office has already closed.

By analogy with the word baru, the word lama is used in contrast to it. By the way, it is also used for objects and is translated as “old”. Before lama you can put sudah (sudah lama), or you don’t have to put it.

Saya (sudah) lama beli (membeli) modem ini. – I've already bought this modem for a long time.

Saya (sudah) lama mulai (memulai) pakai (memakai) tarif yang ini. – I've already started using this tariff for a long time.

Saya (sudah) lama kembali dari Sulawesi. – I've already returned from Sulawesi for a long time.

Komputer saya lama lima tahun. – My computer has been five years old for a long time.

Saya mulai (memulai) pakai (memakai) internet Indosat selama empat tahun yang lalu. – I started using Indosat internet four years ago.

Sudah lama jam empat sore tapi kantor Smartfren masih buka (terbuka). – It's been a long time, it's already 4 PM, but the Smartfren office is still open.

Pernah – already, had to, happened, experienced

Pernah – used for processes that occurred in the past and provided some experience.

Dia pernah ke sana. – He has been there already (she has been there already).

Saya pernah periksa (memeriksa) signal Smartfren di Toraja dan itu tidak begitu bagus. – I've already checked the Smartfren signal in Toraja, and it's not so good.

Pernah can be a brief answer to a question.

- Anda pernah ke sana? – Have you been there already?

- Pernah. – Yes, I have. (Or, been there, had the opportunity)

Belum + pernah, Tidak + pernah — never

Belum + pernah = never (in the past, but maybe in the future)

Tidak + pernah = never (neither in the past nor in the future)

Saya belum pernah pakai (memakai) internet Tri di Bali. – I haven't used Tri internet in Bali yet (but maybe I will try).

Saya tidak pernah pakai (memakai) internet XL di rumah saya. – I have never used XL internet at my home (and most likely, I won't).

Yes, sometimes two similar words are used in one phrase to emphasize and highlight the reality of what happened.

Kita sudah pernah ke kantor Tri. – We have indeed visited the Tri office.

As you may have guessed, today our focus is on a conversation with managers about internet usage. The dialogue will be on the same topic. The vocabulary will be the simplest, not delving into the technical and engineering details of internet connections and telecommunication equipment.

cara - method, way, technique

periksa (memeriksa) - check, inspect

cek (mengecek) - check

kuota - quota

sistem - system

tarif - tariff

bulanan - monthly

mingguan - weekly

harian - daily

nomor - number

tulis (menulis) - write

atas nama - on behalf of, in the name of

betul - correct, true

benar - correct, true

uang tunai - cash

kas - cash

aktif - active

diaktifkan - activated

dari - from (indicating the starting point)

sampai - until (indicating the limit, endpoint)

melepaskan - disconnect, detach, release

lepas - free, detached

disconnect - disconnect

menghubungkan - connect, link, establish a connection

hubung, hubungan - connection, relationship, communication

connect - connect, link, establish a connection

waktu - time

halaman web - web page

statistik - statistics, statistical

kuota harian - daily quota

kuota malam - nightly quota

sisa - remaining, residue

sekitar - around, approximately

kira-kira - approximately, roughly

kurang-lebih - more or less, approximately

pergi - go, leave, depart

kampung - village

sinyal - signal

sesudah - after

pulang - return, go home

kembali - return

agak - quite (used with adjectives); agak cepat (quite fast), agak pelan (quite slow)

masalah - problem

tunjuk (menunjukkan) - show, point

persegi - square

persegi panjang - rectangle

kosong - empty

tanpa - without

teks - text

bagian - section, part

pilih (memilih) - choose, select

pesan (memesan) - message, order

hapus (menghapus) - delete

uninstall - uninstall

memasang - install

install - install

cari (mencari) - search

coba (mencoba) - try, try

kenal (mengenal, mengenali) - to know something, someone, to identify

dikenali - identified

spesialis - specialist

fungsi - function, function

dapat (mendapat) - to receive, to get

tentang - oh

pusat - center

mungkin - maybe

Today we will study words that indicate to us that the action is happening right now. Although the richness of these words often gives them the opportunity to indicate not only the present tense, but also talk about many other things. But first things first.

SEKARANG

1. Now, at this moment, presently; current, modern present

2. Immediately, right away, instantly

This is the most popular word with the meaning "now" in colloquial speech.

Sekarang saya tinggal di Bali. – Now I live in Bali.

Sekarang saya sibuk membaca buku. – Now I am busy reading a book.

"Cristiano Ronaldo Harganya Sekarang Mencapai 120 Juta Euro" (article headline) — "Cristiano Ronaldo's Price Now Reaches 120 Million Euros."

"Sekarang Semua Ada di Tangan Jokowi" (article headline) — "Now Everything Is in Jokowi's Hands."

If it's challenging to use all six facets of the word "now" that we will discuss, just learn sekarang for personal use. Remember the others to understand them in conversation: "Here it is! This is now."

Another popular word.

Saya sedang belajar. — I am currently studying.

Saya sedang mengedit teks tentang Bahasa Indonesia. – I am currently editing a text about the Indonesian language.

"Anda Sedang Cari Pasangan? Jangan Pacari Pria dengan Tipe Ini!" (article headline) – "Are You Currently Looking for a Partner? Don't Date Men of This Type!"

"Presiden Jokowi Sedang Hadapi Dilema" (article headline) – "President Jokowi Is Currently Facing a Dilemma."

It has many other meanings that can be explored if you are an advanced learner, speak Indonesian quite well, or are simply curious.

1. Now, at the present time, just

2. When, if, since;

Bagaimana aku bantu kamu belajar Bahasa Cina sedang aku belum pintar bahasanya? – How can I help you learn Chinese when I'm not proficient in the language myself?

3. While, at the same time as…;

Sedang dia mau keluar dari kamar anaknya bangun. – While he (she) wanted to leave the room, his (her) child woke up.

4. Meanwhile, during the time that…;

Sedang dia merantau keluarganya selalu dalam keadaan miskin. – Meanwhile, during his travels, his family was always in a poor condition.

5. While, whereas;

Saya ke kanan sedang kamu ke kiri. – I go to the right, whereas you go to the left.

6. Meanwhile, at the same time;

Pada hari Nyepi pecalang-pecalang saja jalan diluar sedang semua penduduk Bali lain tidak keluar dari rumah. – On Nyepi day, only the pecalang (security personnel) walk outside, meanwhile, all other residents of Bali do not leave their homes.

7. Moderate, moderate

8. Suitable, acceptable

9. Suitable (for clothing)

10. Sufficient, enough

11. Simple, modest, simply, modestly

"Sedang-sedang" – moderate, average

"Menyedang":

1. To try on clothes

2. To taste

"Menyedangkan" – to economize, to spend sparingly

"Sedanglah, sedang-menyadang" – sufficient, enough

"Lagi" in the sense of "now" is used only in colloquial speech.

- Tokonya lagi tutup. – This store is closed now.

- Kamu lagi apa? – What are you doing now? (What are you busy with?)

- Kenapa temanmu tidak ikut kamu? – Why isn't your friend accompanying you?

- Dia lagi sibuk. – He is busy.

- Sibuk apa? Duduk? – Busy with what? Just sitting?

Just like the word "sedang," "lagi" also has many other meanings, so be careful not to get confused!

"Lagi" has various meanings:

1. Additional, more;

- Tolong, tambah sayur lagi – Please add more vegetables.

2. Again, once more;

- Dia datang lagi meskipun tidak dipanggil. – He came again, even though he wasn't called.

3. Still, yet;

- Dia lagi berlibur. – He/she is still on vacation.

4. In (some time);

- Dua jam lagi saya mulai merasa mengantuk. – In two hours, I started feeling sleepy.

5. Already, beforehand;

- Dari jauh lagi saya merasa risiko perampokan. – Already from afar, I felt the risk of robbery.

6. When, while (also used as "selagi");

- Menikmati gadis lagi dia berdansa – Enjoying the girl while she's dancing.

7. Simply, just;

- Bukannya mahal lagi mahal benar-benar. – It's not just expensive, it's really expensive.

8. And also;

- Rumahnya besar lagi bagus. – His/her house is big and nice.

9. Amplifying "more";

- Kalau tidak sekarang kapan lagi kita bisa mendaki gunung Agung? – If not now, when else can we climb Mount Agung?

"Lagikan" – Although, even though

"Lagi-lagi can mean:

1. Moreover,

2. Again,

3. Once more.

Tengah also has plenty of additional meanings.

1. Middle, center, central;

- Jawa Tengah – Central Java, Sumatra Tengah – Central Sumatra, Sulawesi Tengah – Central Sulawesi

2. Half, halfway;

- Tengah bermain dia jatuh dan patah jari. – While playing, he/she fell and broke a finger.

3. To express the duration of an action;

- Ketika saya masuk dia tengah memasak kue. – When I entered, he/she was in the middle of baking a cake.

4. Indication of reduction; for numbers from 1 to 9 and those ending in 1-9, reduce by 0.5 (tengah 5 – 4.5; tengah 64 – 63.5); for numbers ending in zero, reduce by 5 (tengah 10 – 5; tengah 250 – 245; for numbers ending in two zeros, reduce by 50 (tengah 1000 — 950), and so on.

- Tengah hari – Noon, midday

- Tengah hari bolong – In the middle of the day

- Tengah malam – Midnight, in the middle of the night

- Tengah tahunan – Semiannual, half-yearly

1. Middle, center, in the middle, at the center.

2. Half, in the middle.

- Bertengah – Halved.

1. To move towards the middle, to move towards the center.

2. To adhere to the golden mean, to take a neutral position.

1. Move something to the middle, center

2. Nominate, offer

3. Bring something to the forefront

4. Express, convey, express

1. Middle, center

2. Mediator, arbitrator

3. Middle, average (among brothers or sisters)

Penengahan – cooperation, arbitration

Pertengahan

1. Middle, center, middle, central

3. Partial, partially, partially

4. Carelessly, somehow

1. Half, one half, half

1. Half-hearted, indefinite

2. Half, middle (distance, period of time); Jam setengah tiga – Half past three (on the clock).

3. For numbers and a half; Dua setengah - Two and a half.

4. Incomplete, partial

Setengah-setengah

5. Some, some

6. Crazy

Setengahnya - on average

1. Half-hearted, indefinite

2. Indecisive

3. Partial, partially, partially

4. Carelessly, somehow

5. Neither this nor that

6. KINI - in our time, in our days, now

The word is used for situations when it is necessary to talk about some more or less global processes taking place now. Waktu kini (time, now) can also be used, but much less frequently.

“Setelah Lobster dan Kerapu, Kini Rumput Laut Dilarang Ekspor” (article title) – “After lobster and sea bass, now seaweed is also banned from export.”

“Tinggalkan Flash, YouTube Kini Pakai HTML5” (article title) – “Leave flash, YouTube now uses HTML5.”

1. Now

2. Today, these days, now

Kini begini nanti begitu - Today it’s like this, tomorrow it’s like that

Kini gatal besok digaruk – Itched today, scratched tomorrow (Indonesian proverb)

Kini-kini - now, immediately

Kekinian - modernity, our days, present time

Saat (time, moment) + ini (this) = now, at this moment

“Saat ini Minimarket Masih Diperbolehkan Sedia Minuman Beralkohol” (article title) – “Now minimarkets are still allowed to stock alcoholic beverages.”

"Jokowi: Saat ini Indonesia Pada Posisi Darurat Narkoba" (article title) - "Jokowi: Indonesia is now in an emergency position on drugs."

SAAT

1. Moment, moment

2. Moment, time

Sesaat - moment, instantly

"Masih" in the given context is used to indicate an ongoing or persistent situation that started in the past and continues into the present, with an implication that it may continue into the future.

1. Saya masih tinggal di Jimbaran. – I still live in Jimbaran.

2. Ayu masih belum kawin. – Ayu is still unmarried.

3. Oli di motor saya masih belum diganti. – The oil in my motorcycle still hasn't been changed.

4. "100 Hari Memimpin, Jokowi Masih Gamang" (article headline) — "100 Days of Leadership, Jokowi Still Hesitant."

5. "Apel Maut Amerika Masih Dijual di Bekasi" (article headline) — "Deadly American Apples Still Sold in Bekasi."

6. "Kalau Perempuan Masih Takut Keluar Malam, Berarti Kota Tidak Aman" (article headline) — "If Women Still Fear Going Out at Night, It Means the City Is Not Safe."

1. Still

Masih belum waktunya - premature

Masih di awang-awang – still in the sky

Masih hijau – 1) still small (about a child); 2) young green

Masih saja – still

Masih saja belum – still not

Tidak (not) + lagi (again, now) = no more

But with tidak lagi it’s a completely different story than with masih. Something started, but it ended and doesn’t happen anymore.

Motor ini tidak baru lagi. – This bike is no longer new.

Saya tidak suka makan nasi goreng lagi. – I don’t like eating nasi goreng anymore.

Dia tidak merokok lagi. – He (she) doesn’t smoke anymore.

"Investasi Amerika ke Indonesia Tak Lagi Besar" (article title) - "America's investment in Indonesia is no longer big."

“Uang Parkir Tidak Lagi Lari ke Oknum Nakal” (article title) – “Parking money no longer goes to impudent individuals.”

Hari (day) + ini (this) = today

“Harga Emas Antam Hari Ini Rp 525,000 Per Gram” (article title) – “Antam certified gold price today (is) Rp 525,000 per gram.”

"Mulai Hari Ini, Parkir Meter Harus Pakai E-Money" (article title) - "Starting today, parking meters must use E-Money"

Since we're going into detail about words in this lesson, let's quickly go over the words that mean "time." We can look at each of them in detail later.

Waktu - time, term

Saat – moment, instant, time

Musim - season, period, time, time

Masa - epoch, time, period, term, time, round

Zaman/jaman - era, period, era

Throughout the day, try to track what you are doing. If you know the name of your activity in Indonesian, write it down on a piece of paper or in your phone:

Aku sekarang... (and the name of what you do)

Try to count at least ten different types of activity during the day you do your homework. If this game helps you learn new words effectively, repeat it the next day or any other convenient day.

Here is a list of some types of activities, which may well not include yours.

running - jogging

chatting - ngobrol-ngobrol, ngomong-ngomong

meeting a friend at the airport - jemput/menjemput teman di bandara

meeting a friend - bertemu dengan teman

meeting with a client - bertemu dengan klien

I enter the house - masuk rumah

leaving the house - keluar dari rumah/keluar rumah

cooking - masak/memasak makanan

hanging out with my friends - jalan-jalan/berjalan-jalan dengan/sama teman-temanku

walking with my dog ​​- jalan-jalan/berjalan-jalan dengan/sama anjingku

shopping; belanja - expenses, costs - berbelanja

I think, I reflect - pikir/memikirkan/berpikir

riding a bike - pergi naik motor

riding a bicycle - pergi naik sepeda

riding a horse - pergi naik kuda

driving by car - pergi naik mobil

I’m eating, I’m walking, I’m walking, I’m on the way; jalan - road, path, street, course, movement, route - jalan/berjalan

I’m going, I’m going, I’m heading, I’m leaving, I’m going out, I’m heading - pergi

eat - makan

eating mango - makan/memakan mangga

waiting - tunggu

waiting for a friend - tunggu/menunggu teman

sunbathing - berjemur, berjemur di sinar matahari

I do boxing - latihan tinju/boksen

I go diving, go underwater, dive; selam - immersion - menyelam

I do yoga - berpraktek yoga, beryoga, latihan yoga

I do meditation - berpraktek meditasi, bermeditasi, latihan meditasi

I go in for sports - berolahraga

doing housework - mengurus rumah tangga

I play billiards - main biliar

I play table tennis - main tenis meja

I play poker - main poker

I play tennis - main tennis

I play football - main sepak bola

playing chess - main catur

I play the drum - main gendang/tambur

I play the guitar - main guitar

I play the violin - main biola

I play the piano/grand piano - main piano

playing with a cat - bermain-main dengan kucing

playing with a child/baby - bermain-main dengan anak/bayi

I ride a board; selancar - surfing - berselancar

chopping wood - membelah kayu bakar

painting a wall - mencat tembok/dinding

I'm flying on an airplane - terbang naik pesawat

I dream; cita - feeling, sensation, desire, aspiration, dream, thought, idea, sadness, longing - bercita-cita

washing the floor; pel – rag - mengepel lantai

I am washing the dishes; cuci – washing, washing, washing, washing - mencuci piring

washing a child/baby - memandikan anak/bayi

cut the onion into slices; iris - slice - mengiris bawang

putting on my shoes; sepatu - shoes - bersepatu

getting dressed; pakaian - clothes - berpakaian

I swim, I bathe; renang – swimming, swimming - berenang

sailing on a boat (on a ship) - berlayar, berkapal

I sweep the floor; sapu – broom, brush, brush - menyapu lantai

I climb the mountain; daki - rise - mendaki/naik gunung

buy food - beli/membeli makanan

buying clothes - beli/membeli pakaian

I sing a song; nyanyi - singing - menyanyi lagu

taking a shower - mandi

combing my hair; sisir - comb - bersisir

I wake up - bangun

traveling; pergi - going, going, heading, leaving, going out, heading; keliling - around - bepergian/berkeliling

I drink - minum

I drink juice - minum/meminum jus

I work - kerja/bekerja

talking to myself/with myself - bicara pada diri sendiri

talking to my friend/my girlfriend - bicara/berbicara dengan/sama teman aku, bercakap-cakap

undressing; buka - open; pakaian - clothes - membuka pakaian

taking off my shoes; buka - open; sepatu - shoes - membuka sepatu

I cut paper with scissors; gunting - scissors, cut, style, haircut - menggunting kertas

cutting vegetables; potong – piece, chunk, excerpt, fragment, cut - memotong sayur

I draw; lukis - painting, drawing, image, description, engraving, drawing; gambar - drawing, painting, portrait, photograph, image; - melukis/menggambar

heading home - pulang

listening to music - dengar/mendengarkan musik

I laugh - tertawa

watching a movie - nonton/menonton film

I'm making a video - video/ambil video

sleep - tidur

going down the mountain - turun dari gunung

washing clothes - uci/mencuci pakaian

I dance folk dances ---------- tari/menari

I dance modern (Western) dances ---------- dansa/berdansa

cleaning the house ---------- bersih/membersihkan rumah

cleaning the room ---------- bersih/membersihkan kamar

I smile; senyum - smile ---------- tersenyum

teaching (someone) ---------- ajar/mengajar

studying ---------- belajar

taking pictures ---------- foto/memotret/ambil gambar

reading a book ---------- baca/membaca buku

reading the article ---------- baca/membaca artikel

reading the textbook ---------- baca/membaca buku pelajaran

brushing my teeth ---------- gosok/menggosok gigi

sewing a dress ---------- menjahit gaun

To introduce your family members when speaking Indonesian, you will undoubtedly need to know what to call their position in the family.

One thing is a husband, wife, children. But it is somewhat more difficult to name a brother-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law or sister-in-law.

Let's remember all these wonderful people and try to understand what to call them in Indonesian.

Father – 1) bapak (pak) – father; also used to address non-relatives 2) ayah

Adoptive father, stepfather - bapak/ayah angkat/pungut; angkat – 1) raise 2) receiving

Mother – 1) ibu; also used to address non-relatives 2) mama – used less frequently than ibu

Adoptive mother, stepmother - ibu angkat/pungut

Child (son or daughter) - anak

Son – 1) anak laki-laki 2) putra

Daughter – 1) anak perempuan 2) putri

Adopted child - anak angkat/pungut

Gemini – anak kembar; kembar – 1) identical 2) twins 3) pair 4) double 5) duet 6) double

Orphan – anak yatim

Brother – 1) saudara; also used to address non-relatives 2) saudara laki-laki

Sister – 1) saudara; also used to address non-relatives 2) saudara perempuan 3) saudari

Younger brother or sister - adik; also used to address non-relatives

Younger brother - adik laki-laki

Younger sister - adik perempuan

Elder brother or sister – kakak; also used to address non-relatives

Big brother - kakak laki-laki, abang

Older sister - kakak perempuan

Foster brother - saudara susuan; susu - milk

Half-brother - saudara tiri; tiri – step-native, adopted

Cousin or cousin - 1) sepupu; pupu – cousin 2) saudara sepupu

Cousin – 1) sepupu laki-laki 2) saudara sepupu laki-laki

Cousin – 1) sepupu perempuan 2) saudara sepupu perempuan

Second cousin or sister - saudara sepupu dua kali, saudara dua pupu

Aunt – 1) bibi 2) tante

Uncle - paman

Nephew, niece - keponakan

Nephew - keponakan laki-laki

Niece - keponakan perempuan

Grandfather 1) kakek 2) nenek laki-laki

Grandmother – 1) nenek 2) nenek perempuan

Great-grandfather or great-grandmother – moyang

Great-grandfather – moyang laki-laki

Great-grandmother - moyang perempuan

Great-grandfather, grandfather's father - bapak/ayah nenek laki-paki

Great-grandfather, grandmother’s father – bapak/ayah nenek perempuan

Great-grandmother, grandfather's mother - ibu nenek laki-laki

Great-grandmother, grandmother's mother - ibu nenek perempuan

Grandson or granddaughter - cucu

Grandson - cucu laki-laki

Granddaughter - cucu perempuan

Great-grandson or great-granddaughter – сicit; cicit – 1) great-grandson or great-granddaughter 2) squeak

Great-grandson - сicit laki-laki

Great-granddaughter - cicit perempuan

Husband - suami

Wife – 1) istri; In the earlier Indonesian language, you can find a variant spelling isteri, but I will not present it further in the lesson to avoid clutter. Just keep it in mind. 2) bini – also sometimes used, but much less often

Taking as a husband - mempersuami

To take a wife – memperistri

To get married – 1) nikah 2) kawin; the word nikah is considered more refined and sublime than kawin, because the form of this word perkawinan, in addition to marriage and matrimony, is also used for such concepts as 1) insemination of animals 2) crossing

Newlywed, groom or bride – 1) pengantin 2) tunangan 3) mempelai

Bride – pengantin perempuan

Groom – pengantin pria/laki-laki

Married couple – pasangan suami-istri

Divorce – cerai/bercerai

Divorced – cerai

Divorce from a living spouse – cerai hidup

To remain alone after the death of a spouse – cerai mati

Bachelor – 1) bujangan 2) pria/laki-laki belum kawin

Bachelorette – 1) bujangan 2) wanita/perempuan belum kawin

Widower – 1) duda 2) janda

Widow – 1) janda 2) balu

Father-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law or mother-in-law - mertua

Father-in-law or father-in-law - mertua laki-laki

Mother-in-law or mother-in-law - mertua perempuan

Father-in-law – bapak/ayah suami

Mother in law - ibu suami

Father-in-law - bapak/ayah istri

Mother in law - ibu suami

Matchmaker (the father of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, the father-in-law of a son or the father-in-law of a daughter) - besan laki-laki

Matchmaker (mother of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, mother-in-law of a son or mother-in-law of a daughter) - besan perempuan

Brother-in-law (husband’s brother) – 1) ipar, ipar laki-laki 2) saudara suami

Sister-in-law (husband’s sister) – 1) ipar, ipar perempuan 2) saudara perempuan suami

Brother-in-law (wife's brother) – 1) ipar, ipar laki-laki2) saudara istri

Sister-in-law (wife's sister) – 1) ipar, ipar perempuan 2) saudara perempuan istri

Son-in-law (daughter's husband) - menantu laki-laki

Daughter-in-law (son's wife) - menantu perempuan

Son-in-law (sister's husband) – 1) ipar, ipar laki-laki 2) suami saudara perempuan

Sister-in-law (brother's wife) – 1) ipar, ipar perempuan 2) istri saudara laki-laki

Relative – 1) seorang keluarga 2) seorang famili

Boyfriend/girlfriend (in a relationship) – 1) pacar 2) calon (but often this word also means 1) candidate 2) nominee)

Beloved, beloved – kekasih

Lover (besides husband) – 1) pria simpanan

Mistress (besides wife) – 1) istri/bini simpanan 2) selir 3) gundik 4) gendak 5) istri bungsu 6) bini piaraan

Ancestors – 1) leluhur; luhur – majestic, grandiose, noble, sublime, glorious 2) nenek moyang

Descendants – 1) keturunan; turun - to go down, descend, descend, fall, decrease, subside, subside, weaken, go away, disperse, hang, fall, etc. 2) anak cucu

Family – 1) keluarga 2) famili

Head of the family - tungganai

Sehat - Healthy

Kesehatan - Health

Kelihatan sehat - Have a healthy appearance

Keadaan kesehatan - Health status

Menjadi sembuh - Get well

alis mata, alis - eyebrows

amandel - tonsils

badan - body

bahu - shoulder

belakang - back; also means behind, behind

betis - calf of the leg

bibir - lips

blader kemih - bladder

bokong - buttocks

bulu mata - eyelashes

cabang tenggorok - bronchus

cappilary - capillary

dada - chest

dagu - chin

dahi - forehead

darah - blood

garas - shin

gigi - tooth

ginjal - kidney

gusi - gums

hati - liver

hidung - nose

isi perut - entrails

jakun - Adam's apple

jantung - heart

jari - finger

kaki - leg

kandung empedu - gallbladder

kandung kemih - bladder

kelenjar ludah perut - pancreas

kelenjar tiroid - thyroid gland

kelopak mata - eyelid

kepala - head

kerongkongan - esophagus

ketiak - armpit

kulit - skin

kutil - wart

leher - neck

lengan bawah - forearm

lidah - tongue

limpa - spleen

lipat paha - groin

lubang hidung - nostril

lutut - knee

mata - eye, eyes

mulut - mouth

otak besar, otak - brain

otak kecil - cerebellum

otot - muscle

paha - thigh

panggul - basin

pangkal tenggorokan - larynx

pancreas - pancreas

pantat - buttocks

paru - lung

payudara - bust

pembuluh darah - artery, vein, blood vessel

pergelangan kaki - ankle

pergelangan kaki - ankle

perut - stomach, abdomen

pinggang - lower back

pipi - cheek

punggung - back

pusar - navel

rahang - jaw

rambut - hair

siku - elbow

tahi lalat - birthmark

tangan - hand

telapak kaki - foot

telinga - ear

tenggorokan - throat

tubuh tiroid - thyroid gland

tulang - bone

tulang belikat - shoulder blade

tulang pipi - cheekbone

tulang punggung - spine

tulang rusuk - rib

tulang selangka - collarbone

tulang sendi - joint

tumit - heel

urat - tendon

urat darah/nadi - artery, vein, blood vessel

usus - intestines

usus buntu - appendix

batuk - cough

bunyi dering di telinga - noise (ringing) in the ears

diare - diarrhea

gatal - itching

gigil/menggigil - tremble with chills, chills

imunosupresi - decreased immunity

kegelisahan dan kecemasan - anxiety and worry

kejang - convulsions

kelelahan - tiredness, weariness

kelelahan otot - muscle weakness

keluhan - symptom

kemerahan mata - redness of the eyes

kesulitan bernafas hidung - difficulty in nasal breathing

lesu - lethargy

mengantuk - drowsiness

mimisan - nosebleed

mual - feel nauseous

muntah - to vomit, vomit

nafsu makan menurun - loss of appetite

pembengkakan - swelling

pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening - enlarged lymph nodes of the neck

perih - burning pain

pilek - runny nose

pucat - pale

pusing - dizziness

ruam - rash

sakit dari dingin - pain from cold

sakit gigi - toothache

sakit perut - abdominal pain

selesma - runny nose

sesak nafas - shortness of breath

suara serak - hoarseness of voice

suhu rendah - low temperature

suhu tinggi - high temperature

susah tidur - insomnia

tekanan darah rendah - low blood pressure

tekanan darah tinggi - high blood pressure

Sakit means sick, illness, to be sick. When something hurts you usually use a phrase like:

Saya/aku sakit perut – my stomach hurts

Saya/aku sakit gigi – my tooth hurts

cedera - injury

dislokasi - dislocation

iris/mengirirs diri - cut yourself

keseleo - stretching

lebam - hematoma

luka - wound

luka iris - cut

luka memar - bruise

luka terbakar - burn

memar - bruise

patah tulang - bone fracture

If you consult a competent doctor or seek advice from a good specialist, they will likely provide you with an accurate diagnosis. However, as can be inferred from discussions on women's forums, Balinese doctors often give the most exotic diagnoses. Already a legendary and repeatedly shared story is about a young lady who visited a doctor with a mild and harmless feminine infection.

The doctor carefully examined her and pronounced the verdict:

— This is inflammation.

— What happened? Why? What is it called?

— It's an infection from the ocean.

So, in the case of a visit to local healers, be prepared for the unexpected. "Infections from the ocean" may not be on my list, but there are other, more commonly accepted illnesses.

allergi - allergy

arthrosis - arthrosis

asthma - asthma

bekam - bruise

bengkak - swollen, swelling

bisul perut - stomach ulcer

burut - hernia

cystitis - cystitis

demam - febrile, fever

dengue - dengue fever

diabetes melitus - diabetes mellitus

disentri - dysentery

hepatitis - hepatitis

hipertensi - hypertension, hypertension

hipotensi - hypotension, hypotension

karies - caries

kencing manis - diabetes mellitus

malaria - malaria

osteochondrosis - osteochondrosis

penyakit anjing gila - rabies

peracunan - poisoning; racun - poison

pulpitis - pulpitis

rabies - rabies

radang sendi - arthritis

radang tenggorokan - sore throat

rotavirus - rotavirus

sakit flu - flu

serangan - attack (of illness)

stomatitis - stomatitis

tipus - typhus

tipus perut - typhoid fever

Treatment

analisa darah - blood test

apotek/apotik - pharmacy

gips - plaster

istirahat - to rest

klinik - clinic

mobil ambulans - ambulance (car)

panggil mobil ambulans - call an ambulance

obat - medicine

obat salep - ointment

obat tetes - drops

operasi - operation

pembalut - bandage

pemeriksaan darah - blood test

penitis - dropper

periksa - check

pil - tablet

resep obat - prescription for medicine

rumah sakit - hospital

sembuh - to get well

suntik - prick, injection

tablet - tablet

terus/teruskan - continue to take

transfusi darah - blood transfusion

vaksinasi - vaccination

When a person takes medication, you can use the verb

Pakai/memakai obat – use medicine

Minum/meminum obat – drink medicine

buang air - go to the toilet

debar/berdebar - beat (about the heart, pulse)

debu - dust

derita/menderita - to suffer (from illness)

digigit anjing - bitten by a dog; gigit - to bite

digigit monyet - bitten by a monkey

digigit ular - bitten by a snake

jamur - fungus

kambuh lagi - to come back, again (about illness)

keadaan - state; ada - to be

keluh/keluhan - complain

kira - to assume

lemah - weak

nafas/bernafas - breathe

rasa/merasa - to feel

salah makan - to eat something wrong; salah - incorrect

serius - serious, seriously

tekan/tekanan - pressure

sakit/penyakit - to be sick, illness

Other useful non-medical words

begini, begitu - thus, thus

mulanya - at the beginning

nasihat - advice

susah - difficult

terserah anda/kamu - at your/your discretion

tidak usah - no need

Aku ikut nasihatmu tapi aku pusing dan tidak bisa berjalan. - I’ll follow your advice, but I’m dizzy and I can’t walk.

Aku/saya merasa lebih baik. - I am feeling better

Alergi terhadap - Allergy to…

Alergi terhadap jamur - Allergy to fungus

Alergi terhadap debu - Allergy to dust

Apa anda/kamu alergi terhadap makanan? - Are you/are you allergic to food?

Apa anda/kamu alergi terhadap obat? - Are you/are you allergic to medications?

Apa kamu salah makan? - Did you eat something wrong?

Apa lagi keluhan anda/kamu? - What other symptoms do you/you have?

Apakah anda/kamu sedang pakai obat? -Are you currently taking medicine?

Apakah anda/kamu sekarang minum obat? - Are you / are you taking medicine now?

Ayo ke dokter di clinic 24 jam. - Let's go to the doctor at the 24-hour clinic.

Bagaimana kamu merasa? - How do you feel?

Bagaimana keadaan anda/kamu sekarang? - What is your/your condition now?

Ditetes tiga kali sehari. - (Drops) are instilled three times a day.

Diminum tiga kali per hari sesudah makan. (The medicine) is drunk three times a day after meals.

Kamu kelihatan pucat. -You look pale.

Mari kita ke dokter di clinic 24 jam. - Let's go to the doctor at a 24-hour clinic.

Mari saya periksa. - Let me check.

Minum obat - Drink medicine

Mudah-mudahan anda Iekas sembuh. - I hope you get better soon.

Pakai obat - Take medicine

Sakit apa dan apa keluhannya? - What hurts and what are the symptoms?

Sakit apa? - What hurts?

Saya merasa lebih baik - I feel better

Saya mual/muntah terus. - I continue to feel sick/vomit.

Saya sakit kepala - I have a headache

Saya sakit perut - My stomach hurts

Sudah berapa lama anda/kamu merasa begini? - How long have you been feeling this way?

We continue for not the first lesson to study what is not present in the Indonesian language. Specifically, tenses. Today, everything is very simple. We are learning words that indicate that some action will happen in the future.

Other than a clear indication of:

1. a specific date

2. an exact time

How else can we signify that an event will occur in the future?

1. This word indicates the future tense. This is its main and most popular function. Akan usually precedes the verb. Less often an adjective. The sentence may include a reference to a specific future moment (when exactly in the future?), or it may not.

Aku akan makan mangga. – I will eat mango / I will eat mango.

Aku akan bekerja dari pagi sampai malam. – I will work from morning until evening / I will work from morning until evening.

Dia aka pergi ke kota – He will go to the city / He will go to the city.

2. This word indicates the intention to do something.

Dia akan ke kota. - He is going to go to the city.

3. This word can be translated as "about" or "regarding."

Akan hal itu saya sudah ceritakan. – I have already told about that.

5. Translated as "in" and serves as a link between the verb and the object.

percaya akan perdamaian di dunia semua — believe in world peace

sadar akan dirinya — aware of oneself

6. Used to indicate abundance or lack.

kaya akan milik — rich in possessions

miskin akan anak — poor in children

7. Used as "for something" or "in order to."

semua barang-barang akan berangkat — all items for departure

8. Used as "because of" or "due to."

berterima kasih akan sesuatu — thankful for something

Terima kasih akan bantuan! – Thanks for the help!

Terima kasih akan nasihat! — Thanks for the advice!

9. Used as - “as something”

Buah berkasa dulu dipakai akan timbangan. – Banyan fruits were previously used as weights.

10. Used as - “usually”

Jika hujan turun dia akan tidur. – When it rained, he usually slept.

Mereka (akan) segera datang. - They will come soon.

More meanings of segera:

1. Urgent, urgent, urgent

2. Immediate, immediate, immediately

3. Soon, soon, soon

4. Immediately, right there

The word lekas is used in almost the same cases as segera, but is less popular.

1. Fast

2. Soon, soon

3. Immediately, right away

lekas menjadi dewasa – grow up quickly

lekas naik darah - hot-tempered

"Nanti" indicates that an event will happen in the near or indefinite future, but the exact time is unclear. Therefore, if an Indonesian doesn't want to buy something offered to them, they often don't directly say, "Saya tidak mau beli ini!" (I don't want to buy this!) but, displaying the legendary Indonesian politeness, they respond with a gentle, radiant smile, saying "Nanti." And everyone understands that this "nanti" may not happen at all. But politeness is maintained.

Nanti kita pergi ke sana. “Then someday we’ll go there.”

Nanti can occupy different positions in a sentence.

In addition, nanti can be specified - when exactly “later” something will happen.

bulan September nanti - next September

nanti pagi – later (today) in the morning

nanti siang – later (today) in the afternoon

nanti sore – later (today) evening

nanti malam – later (today) in the evening (at night)

Nanti siang saya menelpon Anda. “I’ll call you later this afternoon.”

Nanti can be used as a short answer to the question:

- Kapan kamu akan ke Jakarta? – When will you go to Jakarta?

- Nanti. - Later, then somehow.

More meanings of nanti:

1. Then, somehow, later, in the future

2. Otherwise, otherwise, otherwise

Nanti dulu! -Wait a minute!

Nanti sebentar! - Wait a minute!

Besok saya harus ke kantor imigrasi untuk ambil paspor saya. – Tomorrow I have to go to the immigration office to pick up my passport.

"Besok" is another polite word. In colloquial language, besides its direct meaning of "tomorrow," it is also used for processes that will happen tomorrow or later. Therefore, don't take too much to heart an Indonesian's promise to do something tomorrow. They don't want to deceive you, and they won't if they don't fulfill the promise tomorrow. Because "besok," in reality, doesn't necessarily mean "tomorrow."

- Kapan kamu akan mengembalikain aku sepuluh ribu dollar yang kamu meminjam dua tahun jang lalu? – When will you return the ten thousand dollars you borrowed two years ago?

- Besok! – Tomorrow!

More meanings of besok:

1. Tomorrow

2. Then in the future

besok pagi – tomorrow morning

besok hari – tomorrow afternoon

besok sore – tomorrow evening

besok malam – tomorrow evening (night)

besok-besok – sometime later

lusa pagi – the day after tomorrow morning

lusa siang – the day after tomorrow afternoon

lusa sore – the day after tomorrow evening

lusa malam – the day after tomorrow evening (at night)

– in a few seconds (minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, centuries)

To indicate that some event will happen after some interval of time, you can use the word lagi, which is most often used as “yet” in Indonesian, but not only.

Of course, instead of beberapa (several), you can insert completely specific values.

Another option. The word commonly used is that statements like “Wait a minute!” is supplemented by lagi and takes on the meaning “soon”.

Sebentar lagi akan datang hujan. — It will rain soon.

(Pada) abad, tahun, bulan, minggu, hari, jam, menit, detik DEPAN - In the next century, year, month, next week, next day, next hour, next minute, second

In textbooks, you might encounter another variation of this expression, something like "tahun yang akan datang," but believe me, in spoken Indonesian, such a lengthy construction doesn't survive. Instead, the following expressions are commonly used:

(pada) abad depan – in the next century, the next century

(pada) tahun depan – in the next year, the next year

(pada) bulan depan – in the next month, the next month

(pada) minggu depan – in the next week, the next week

(pada) hari depan – on the next day, the next day

(pada) jam depan – in the next hour, the next hour

(pada) menit depan – in the next minute, the next minute

Additional meanings of "depan":

1. front, facade, in front of something, opposite of something

2. future, upcoming

Let's turn to the main question of all times and nations, poets, writers, and philosophers – the question of life and death.

If this question and discussion about it don't bother you personally.

If you are very sensitive to this topic for any reason, it's better not to read the following lesson.

Interestingly, in the Indonesian language, the words for "to live" and "to die" are almost the same. They just use different grammatical forms.

Tinggal – to live

Meninggal – to die

The traditional wish

"Goodbye!"

in the Indonesian language sounds like

"Selamat tinggal."

Often in Indonesian the more grammatically and officially accepted form of a verb is not the original form, but the one in which the prefix is ​​used

me-

men-

mem-

meng-

But in the case of the wish “Selamat meninggal” you wish the person to go to another world. Don't even experiment if you don't want to shock or offend your interlocutor.

Dia tinggal di Jakarta – he/she lives in Jakarta.

Dia meninggal di Jakarta – she/she died/died in Jakarta.

1. To live, to reside, residential

2. To stay, not to leave

3. To remain, to be preserved

4. To be left, to be available

5. To be left, to be forgotten, abandoned

6. To have to do something. Kamu tinggal menunggu – you just have to wait.

7. To remain, to result (in subtraction)

Lima diambil tiga tinggal dua – five minus three equals two.

8. To remain as something

Uang tinggal uang – money remains as money, money is still money.

9. In the sense of "someone is missing"

Semua sudah datang, tinggal kamu – Everyone has arrived; only you are left.

10. To lag behind, to trail behind.

Die

Meninggal dunia – leave the world, die

Meninggalkan

1. Leave, abandon, abandon, leave

2. Leave, bequeath

3. Keep in reserve

4. Leave, forget somewhere

5. Leave (traces, fingerprints)

6. Omit, skip

7. Refuse, give up

8. Leaving someone behind, getting ahead

9. Miss (opportunity)

10. Not complying with, not doing something

1. (to exist as a living organism, to be alive) – hidup

To live a very long time – hidup lama sekali; lama - old, long

Live a fun life – hidup senang

To live at someone else’s expense – hidup sebagai parasit; sebagai - how, in quality

2. (to live in some place) - tinggal

Life – kehidupan, hidup

Kehidupan manusia – human life; manusia – man, human

Kehidupan social – social life

Kehidupan berkeluarga – family life; keluarga - family, family

Kehidupan suami-isteri – family life; suami - husband; isteri - wife

Cara hidup – way of life; cara – way, way

Antara mati dan hidup – between life and death; antara - between

1. (living, existing) hidup

Wildlife – alam hidup

Living language – bahasa hidup

2. (agile, energetic, agile) - lincah

Living character – karakter (yang) lincah

1. Mati, meninggal (dunia); dunia - peace

2. (to die of boredom) – setengah mati kebosanan; setengah – half; bosan - boring

3. (to die of thirst) – hampir mati kehausan; hampir – almost; haus – in a state of thirst, thirsty

Kematian, mati, maut

Mati

To better master the vocabulary, I offer you Indonesian proverbs that tell about life and death in the Indonesian perception.

Gajah berjuang sama gajah, pelanduk mati di tengah-tengah - Elephants fighting each other, while the mouse deer dies in the middle.

Meaning: In a big battle, the small ones become the victims.

Sekali lancung ke ujian, seumur hidup orang tak percaya - Deceitful once in the exam, people won't trust you for a lifetime.

Meaning: Once caught deceiving, trust is lost for a lifetime.

Kalau pandai mencincang akar, mati lalu kepucuknya - If one is skilled at gnawing the roots, the plant will die up to its top.

Meaning: If a leader is lost, the subordinates will surrender.

Ayam bertelur di lumbung padi mati - A chicken laying eggs in a rice barn died of hunger.

Meaning: Sometimes people cannot benefit from their wealth. Killing the chicken that lays golden eggs.

Ikut hati mati, ikut rasa binaasa, ikut mata buta - Follow the dead heart, follow the sense of destruction, follow the blind eyes.

Meaning: Do not yield to desire or temptation.

Putih (white) mata (eye) or

1. White of the eye

2. Disgraced (idiom)

3. Tired (from long waiting)

4. Irritated, dissatisfied

1. Disgraced (idiom)

2. Tired (from long waiting)

3. Irritated, dissatisfied

Putih/berputih tulang (bone, bones) - die

gajah - elephant

berjuang - fight; juang - fight

sama - together with, same

pelanduk - lemur

tengah - average, middle

sekali - once, very much; in this saying it is used as “once”: se- (satu) - once, kali - once

lancung - false

ujian - exam

seumur - throughout life; umur - age

tak - no; colloquial from tidak - no

percaya - to believe

kalau - if

pandai - smart; also used pintar

mencincang - crumble; cincang/cencang - notch, cut

akar - root

lalu - then

pucuk - sprout, shoot, bud, tip

bertelur - egg-laying; telur - egg

lumbung - barn, barn

padi - rice (one of the stages of unready rice)

kelaparan—hunger; lapar - hungry

ikut - follow, participate

hati - liver, but in poetry and poetic speech it is used instead of the word “heart”

rasa - taste

binaasa (binasa) - destroyed, perished, fallen into disrepair

buta - blind

gading - ivory

harimau - tiger

belang - mottling, striping

manusia - humanity, man as a representative of the human race

nama - name

jadi - to be, become, appear, succeed

kumbang - beetle, bumblebee

lalat - fly

bukit - hill

sampah - waste, garbage

taman - garden, park

bunga - flower

Even if we are not desperate animal lovers, whether we have pets or not, whether we visit zoos, safaris, bird parks with our children or not – animals in Indonesia surround us everywhere. In the evenings, our rooms are filled with the chirping of geckos. Unexpectedly, a mouse or even a snake may visit our homes. And in the early morning, at dawn, nature turns into a living alarm clock, and a bird orchestra greets the early risers, welcoming the beginning of a new day.

Here, you often feel like you're in a living, vast zoo. Indonesia is indeed a country with a rich fauna. It is estimated that around 300,000 species of wild animals live in Indonesia. This accounts for 17% of all species inhabiting the Earth.

In this lesson, we will talk about the names of animals. Those that are found in Indonesia. And those that inhabit the characters of its people. Idioms are provided from the book "Indonesian Idioms and Expressions" by Christopher Torchia.

For this lesson, I have grouped animal names to make them easier to find if desired. Of course, listing all 300,000 species of animals is unlikely in this lesson, but I will mention the most basic ones.

Indonesia is home to a record number of mammals - just over 500 species. And more than one and a half thousand species of birds. Just under half of the fish species found in global waters can be found in Indonesia.

Indonesia is also rich in endemic animals, meaning those that are found only here and nowhere else in the world. Indonesia is divided into two major eco-regions - the western, which is more influenced by Asian fauna, and the eastern, influenced by Australasian fauna. They are separated by the Wallace Line, which itself is a transitional region where both Asian and Australasian animals can be found.

This line runs between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, between Bali and Lombok, as the depth of the ocean in these places hindered most animals from freely migrating from one island to another.

The region west of the Wallace Line is Sunda. It includes Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Kalimantan), and other smaller islands whose fauna is similar to Asian fauna. During the glacial period, the global sea level was lower, and the Asian continent was more connected to the Indonesian archipelago. Animals from Asia migrated from the mainland to Sunda. As a result, tigers, rhinoceroses, orangutans, elephants, and leopards came to inhabit this region.

Wallacea is a transitional zone from Sunda to Australasia. It was not directly connected to any other region. Wallacea includes Sulawesi, the North Moluccas, Buru, and Seram in the Moluccan Islands, the Banda Sea islands, and partially the Lesser Sunda Islands - Lombok, Sumbu, Sumbawa, Flores, and Timor.

The Australasian region includes Western Papua and Papua. The fauna of this region has Australasian origins.

alap-alap - falcon

angsa - goose

ayam - chicken

ayam kalkun - turkey

bangau - stork

bebek - duck

belibis - hazel grouse

beo - parrot

betet - parakeet

betok - swallow

blekok - Malayan yellow heron

bul-bul - nightingale

burung - bird

burung gereja - sparrow

burung hantu - owl

burung unta - ostrich

camar - seagull

cendrawasih - bird of paradise

cucakrawa - nightingale

elang - hawk

entok - Muscovy duck

gagak - raven

garuda - eagle

gelatik - bird panache

itik - duck

jalak - starling

kakatua - cockatoo

kalkun - turkey

kasuari - cassowary

kenari - canary

maleo - Maleo bird

mambruk - crowned pigeon

merak - peacock

merpati - dove

parkit - parakeet

pelatuk - woodpecker

perkutut - turtle dove

pinguin - penguin

pipit - sparrow

rajawali - hawk

tekukur - turtle dove

Jinak-jinak merpati

The tame pigeon is a timid person, especially during courtship. The girl is attracted to the young man, but trembles when he approaches. After a while she tries to attract him again. And the ritual is repeated many times.

The expression also referred to arranged weddings between parents, which were common until the 1960s. Jinak-jinak merpati is a woman who agrees to such a wedding, but complains in her heart.

Pigeons (merpati) are also depicted as love birds. Merpati ingkar janji (dove breaks a promise) refers to a spouse who cheats.

belut - eel

cupang - betta fish

gabus - striped snakehead

guram - carp

hiu - shark

ikan - fish

kerapu - sea bass

koi - koi

lele - catfish

makarel - mackerel

maskoki - goldfish

patin - catfish

paus - whale

piranha - piranha

salmon - salmon

sepat - gourami fish

tengiri - Spanish mackerel

teri - anchovy

todak - swordfish

tuna - tuna

Kelas kakap

Perch class = Top class

Red snapper is a large and bold fish (ikan) that feeds on small fish. But the name kakap, which can refer to any large fish (ikan), also has a negative connotation. Penjahat kelas kakap is a big gangster, playboy kelas kakap is a serial seducer.

At the very end of the scale is kelas teri (teri is a small fish).

bintang laut - starfish

bulu babi - sea urchin

cumi-cumi - squid

duyung - sea cow

gurita - octopus

kepiting - crab

kerang - mussel

landak laut - sea urchin

lobster - lobster

lumba-lumba - dolphin

pesut - Irrawaddy dolphin

sotong - cuttlefish

teripang - sea cucumber

tiram - oyster

ubur-ubur - jellyfish

udang - shrimp

yuyu - crab

bajing - squirrel

bangsat - badger

hamster - hamster

kapibara - capybara

kelinci - rabbit

luwak - mongoose

marmut - marmot

terwelu - hare

tikus - rat, mouse

tupai - squirrel

Tikus kantor

Office rat = thief

The villain hides in an office or floor until everyone has left, then sweeps away valuables before running away like a rodent.

Tikus Negara (government rat) – a government official pursuing personal gain. A policeman on a bike stops a driver who ran a red light or crossed the stop line. The driver settles the matter on the spot. He bends down and stuffs the bill into the policeman's boot, which remains resting on the bike's kickstand.

Rats (tikus) are part of life in Indonesia. They rummage through trash on street corners and crawl through gutters.

Rats (tikus) are cunning and live in the same environment as people, so they become suitable symbols for unattractive characters such as tikus berdasi (rat in a tie) and tikus berjas (rat in a jacket).

Bajing loncat

"Bajing loncat" translates to a "jumping squirrel," but in this context, it refers to a type of thief who ambushes vehicles on long stretches of road. Bajing loncat became a curse for the trans-Sumatran highway, the main artery stretching between Lampung province in the south and Aceh province in the north.

Loaded buses or trucks formed columns on the highway for safe night travel through the forests. Groups of bajing loncat hid behind trees, near potholes, or uneven stretches and leaped onto the slowed-down vehicles. They climbed onto the roofs of buses or opened the rear doors of trucks, throwing bags and goods onto the road. Then, they jumped off and returned to collect their loot. Drivers and passengers only learned about the trouble upon reaching their destination. It takes two days to travel the trans-Sumatran highway with regular stops. Jungle foliage and neat palm plantations line the road between cities, featuring two-story wooden houses. The worst stretch of the road is the Palembang area in the south. Sometimes, overturned trucks blocking the road can be encountered, causing hours of delay. Bandits roam in such areas, and children approach buses at stops, begging.

"Bajing loncat" is also a term for those who jump into the "orchestra wagon." In early 2004, President Megawati Sukarnoputri criticized several former ministers in her cabinet who withdrew from participating in the presidential race. She referred to them as "jumping squirrels" (bajing loncat), describing them as fickle individuals pursuing their personal interests rather than the interests of the nation. One of them, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, defeated Megawati in the elections and became the president.

codot - flying fox

paniki - flying fox

kalong - bat

kampret - bat

kelelawar - bat

biawak - lizard

buaya - crocodile

bunglon - chameleon

cicak - lizard

iguana - iguana

kadal - lizard

kobra - cobra

komodo - Komodo dragon

kura-kura - turtle

penyu - sea turtle

python - python

sanca - python

trenggiling - lizard

ular - snake

ular derik - rattlesnake

ular sendok - spectacled snake, cobra

Terlepas dari mulut buaya, masuk ke mulut harimau

Escaped from the mouth of a crocodile - ended up in the mouth of a tiger = out of the frying pan and into the fire

The tiger (harimau) is a symbol of pride and strength in Indonesia. In ancient times it was believed that powerful people became tigers (harimau) after death. The symbol of the division in the modern army is the white tiger (harimau).

In the province of Central Java, people returning home through the jungle would say eyang (grandparents in Javanese) to any tigers (harimau) hiding in the bushes. They believed that the tigers (harimau) would spare them if they treated them as respected members of the family.

Poaching and environmental depletion have reduced the population of tigers (harimau). For decades, poachers violated conservation laws, hunting tigers for their fur, bones, teeth, claws, and whiskers. Middlemen sold tiger body parts as lucky charms and as a traditional medicine believed to treat arthritis. Some individuals even harvested tiger penises for use as aphrodisiacs.

Tigers (harimau) have long disappeared from Bali and densely populated Java. Rangers in Sumatra are protecting the diminishing population of these giant cats, but the forests they inhabit are shrinking as developers clear land for palm oil plantations and other industries. Sometimes, tigers venture out of the jungles and attack domestic livestock and even villagers.

Crocodiles (buaya) fare better than tigers.

In Medan, Sumatra, you can find the largest crocodile farm in Indonesia. However, due to high demand for their skin, some crocodile farms extract crocodile eggs and young crocodiles (buaya) from the wild.

According to ancient beliefs, the crocodile (buaya) was once the ruler of the underworld.

East Timor, a former Indonesian territory, holds great reverence for crocodiles (buaya). Legend tells of a giant crocodile (buaya) transforming itself into the island of Timor. A boy saved a dehydrated crocodile (buaya) that washed ashore. Grateful, the reptile accompanied the boy on his travels for many years, until its final moments.

The crocodile arched its back, and the ridges on its giant body formed the mountains and outlines of the island, which became the home for the boy and his descendants.

Jose Alexandre Gusmao, the President of East Timor and guerrilla leader, wrote poetry in the jungle hideouts and later in a Jakarta prison. One of his poems describes how the back of a crocodile (buaya) shaped the mountainous spine of Timor. This ridge provided sanctuary for separatists in their war against Indonesian military forces.

After gaining independence from Indonesia, East Timor adopted two saltwater crocodiles as mascots for its army.

"Lidah buaya" (crocodile's tongue) is an Indonesian term for aloe vera.

Buaya darat

Land crocodile = Playboy, womanizer

Someone who regards women as objects of consumption.

For older Indonesians, "buaya darat" is a scoundrel or a rogue.

bekantan - proboscis monkey

beruk - pig-tailed macaque

gorila - gorilla

kera - monkey

lemur - lemur

lutung - kazi monkey, gulman

monyet - monkey

orangutan - orangutan

siamang - gibbon

tarsius - tarsier

Cinta monyet

"Monkey love" = "puppy love"

Indonesians believe that monkeys (monyet) are foolish and dreamy lovers. People mimic the sounds and gestures of monkeys (monyet) if they want to appear silly.

Monkeys (monyet) attract audiences during street performances, sometimes riding miniature bicycles. The animal usually responds to the common male name Sarimin and wears a cheap, shiny skirt. The trainer beats a small drum and says to the monkey, "Sarimin is going to the market." The monkey portrays a woman putting on a hat, carrying a basket, and buying goods from the vendors. Sometimes, Sarimin transfers money back and forth between his trainer and the audience, reenacting a marketplace scene.

Lutung Kasarung is the nickname for a prince who was cursed and transformed into a large black monkey.

This Sundanese folktale from West Java tells the story of a prince's mother who worried that her son could not find a bride. He joked that he wouldn't be able to find a woman as beautiful as his mother. The mother replied:

"Do you want your mother to become your bride? That's disgusting. You're like a big monkey."

The gods agreed and struck the prince with lightning. Black fur grew from his skin, and the young man turned into a lutung monkey. A voice from the sky proclaimed that the prince would have to wander through the forests until he found true love. Kasarung means "lost somewhere."

In his wanderings, Lutung Kasarung encounters a princess, banished by her elder sister and cursed by her. The curse turned the wanderer into an ugly, disfigured girl. Lutung Kasarung feeds the exile, gives her a potion to regain her beauty, and helps her reclaim the kingdom. His assistance helps him win the heart of the beauty.

Another lightning strike hits the prince when his beloved introduces him to her family. Lutung transforms back into a human, and the lovers get married.

anjing - dog

berang-berang - otter

beruang - bear

cheetah - cheetah

harimau - tiger

hiena - hyena

kucing - cat/cat

macan - tiger

macan kumbang - black panther

macan tutul - leopard

musang - weasel

rubah - fox

serigala - wolf

singa - lion

panda - panda